Shared e-scooters are considered a sustainable urban travel solution, yet their environmental impact is notable, primarily due to a short lifespan and the use of Li-ion batteries. The objective of this paper is to explore the possible factors with an influence on e-scooter energy consumption. These influential factors include trip and rider attributes, built environment characteristics, road geometry, surface materials, light and meteorological conditions. This study empirically investigates factors influencing e-scooter battery energy consumption, utilizing real usage data from GPS-equipped free-floating e-scooters in four European cities at the individual trip level. GPS positions allowed for the specification of local road characteristics and ambient conditions. For this purpose Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Open Street Maps and the Meteostat application were used. Energy consumption was explained with the use of linear regression models as a function of those parameters, while controlling user experience and battery usage intensity. An extensive dataset covering over 150,000 trips in Bordeaux, Hamburg, Malaga, and Paris and two months of observations was used to estimate the models. Results indicate that, while travel distance is the most influential factor, other usage aspects play a role. Cold weather, rain, wind, as well as stone-paved streets increase energy consumption. In addition there seems to be a battery age threshold beyond which energy consumption rises.

中文翻译：

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影响电动滑板车能耗的使用因素：实证调查

共享电动滑板车被认为是一种可持续的城市出行解决方案，但其对环境的影响也很显着，这主要是由于其使用寿命短且使用锂离子电池。本文的目的是探讨影响电动滑板车能耗的可能因素。这些影响因素包括出行和骑手属性、建筑环境特征、道路几何形状、表面材料、光线和气象条件。本研究利用欧洲四个城市配备 GPS 的自由浮动电动滑板车的个人出行级别的真实使用数据，实证研究了影响电动滑板车电池能耗的因素。 GPS 位置可用于指定当地道路特征和环境条件。为此，使用了航天飞机雷达地形测量任务、开放街道地图和 Meteostat 应用程序。通过使用线性回归模型作为这些参数的函数来解释能耗，同时控制用户体验和电池使用强度。使用涵盖波尔多、汉堡、马拉加和巴黎超过 150,000 次旅行的广泛数据集和两个月的观察来估计模型。结果表明，虽然出行距离是影响最大的因素，但其他使用方面也发挥了作用。寒冷的天气、雨、风以及石头铺成的街道都会增加能源消耗。此外，似乎还有一个电池寿命阈值，超过该阈值能耗就会上升。