Abstract. The presented pilot for the Synthesis Product for Ocean Time Series (SPOTS) includes data from 12 fixed ship-based time-series programs. The related stations represent unique open-ocean and coastal marine environments within the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Nordic Seas, and Caribbean Sea. The focus of the pilot has been placed on biogeochemical essential ocean variables: dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic nutrients, inorganic carbon (pH, total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, and partial pressure of CO2), particulate matter, and dissolved organic carbon. The time series used include a variety of temporal resolutions (monthly, seasonal, or irregular), time ranges (10–36 years), and bottom depths (80–6000 m), with the oldest samples dating back to 1983 and the most recent one corresponding to 2021. Besides having been harmonized into the same format (semantics, ancillary data, units), the data were subjected to a qualitative assessment in which the applied methods were evaluated and categorized. The most recently applied methods of the time-series programs usually follow the recommendations outlined by the Bermuda Time Series Workshop report (Lorenzoni and Benway, 2013), which is used as the main reference for “method recommendations by prevalent initiatives in the field”. However, measurements of dissolved oxygen and pH, in particular, still show room for improvement. Additional data quality descriptors include precision and accuracy estimates, indicators for data variability, and offsets compared to a reference and widely recognized data product for the global ocean: the GLobal Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Generally, these descriptors indicate a high level of continuity in measurement quality within time-series programs and a good consistency with the GLODAP data product, even though robust comparisons to the latter are limited. The data are available as (i) a merged comma-separated file that is compliant with the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) exchange format and (ii) a format dependent on user queries via the Environmental Research Division's Data Access Program (ERDDAP) server of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The pilot increases the data utility, findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability following the FAIR philosophy, enhancing the readiness of biogeochemical time series. It facilitates a variety of applications that benefit from the collective value of biogeochemical time-series observations and forms the basis for a sustained time-series living data product, SPOTS, complementing relevant products for the global interior ocean carbon data (GLobal Ocean Data Analysis Project), global surface ocean carbon data (Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas; SOCAT), and global interior and surface methane and nitrous oxide data (MarinE MethanE and NiTrous Oxide product). Aside from the actual data compilation, the pilot project produced suggestions for reporting metadata, implementing quality control measures, and making estimations about uncertainty. These recommendations aim to encourage the community to adopt more consistent and uniform practices for analysis and reporting and to update these practices regularly. The detailed recommendations, links to the original time-series programs, the original data, their documentation, and related efforts are available on the SPOTS website. This site also provides access to the data product (DOI: https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.896862.2, Lange et al., 2024) and ancillary data.

中文翻译：

---

海洋时间序列合成产品 (SPOTS) – 船基生物地球化学试点

摘要。所展示的海洋时间序列综合产品 (SPOTS) 试点包括来自 12 个固定船基时间序列项目的数据。相关站代表了大西洋、太平洋、地中海、北欧海和加勒比海内独特的公海和沿海海洋环境。该试点的重点是生物地球化学基本海洋变量：溶解氧、溶解无机营养物、无机碳（pH、总碱度、溶解无机碳和二氧化碳分压）、颗粒物和溶解有机碳。使用的时间序列包括各种时间分辨率（每月、季节性或不规则）、时间范围（10-36 年）和底部深度（80-6000 m），最古老的样本可追溯到 1983 年，最近的样本可追溯到 1983 年。一个对应于 2021 年。除了统一为相同格式（语义、辅助数据、单位）外，数据还接受了定性评估，其中对所应用的方法进行了评估和分类。最近应用的时间序列程序方法通常遵循百慕大时间序列研讨会报告（Lorezoni 和 Benway，2013）概述的建议，该报告被用作“该领域普遍倡议的方法建议”的主要参考。然而，尤其是溶解氧和 pH 值的测量仍有改进的空间。其他数据质量描述符包括精确度和准确度估计、数据变异性指标以及与全球海洋参考和广泛认可的数据产品（全球海洋数据分析项目 (GLODAP)）相比的偏移量。一般来说，这些描述符表明时间序列程序内测量质量的高水平连续性以及与 GLODAP 数据产品的良好一致性，尽管与后者的稳健比较是有限的。这些数据以 (i) 符合世界海洋环流实验 (WOCE) 交换格式的合并逗号分隔文件和 (ii) 取决于用户通过环境研究司数据访问计划 (ERDDAP) 服务器查询的格式提供全球海洋观测系统（GOOS）。该试点项目遵循 FAIR 理念，提高了数据的实用性、可查找性、可访问性、互操作性和可重用性，从而增强了生物地球化学时间序列的准备度。它促进了受益于生物地球化学时间序列观测的集体价值的各种应用，并构成了持续时间序列生活数据产品 SPOTS 的基础，补充了全球内部海洋碳数据的相关产品（全球海洋数据分析项目） ）、全球表面海洋碳数据（Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas；SOCAT）以及全球内部和表面甲烷和一氧化二氮数据（MarinE MethanE 和 NiTrous Oxide 产品）。除了实际的数据汇编之外，试点项目还提出了报告元数据的建议，实施质量控制措施，并对不确定性进行估计。这些建议旨在鼓励社区采用更加一致和统一的分析和报告实践，并定期更新这些实践。详细的建议、原始时间序列程序的链接、原始数据、它们的文档以及相关工作都可以在 SPOTS 网站上找到。该网站还提供对数据产品（DOI：https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.896862.2，Lange 等人，2024）和辅助数据的访问。