The brain–computer interface (BCI) allows the human or animal brain to directly interact with the external environment through the neural interfaces, thus playing the role of monitoring, protecting, improving/restoring, enhancing, and replacing. Recording electrophysiological information such as brain neural signals is of great importance in health monitoring and disease diagnosis. According to the electrode position, it can be divided into non-implantable, semi-implantable, and implantable. Among them, implantable neural electrodes can obtain the highest-quality electrophysiological information, so they have the most promising application. However, due to the chemo-mechanical mismatch between devices and tissues, the adverse foreign body response and performance loss over time seriously restrict the development and application of implantable neural electrodes. Given the challenges, conductive hydrogel-based neural electrodes have recently attracted much attention, owing to many advantages such as good mechanical match with the native tissues, negligible foreign body response, and minimal signal attenuation. This review mainly focuses on the current development of conductive hydrogels as a biocompatible framework for neural tissue and conductivity-supporting substrates for the transmission of electrical signals of neural tissue to speed up electrical regeneration and their applications in neural sensing and recording as well as stimulation.

中文翻译：

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用于神经记录和刺激的导电水凝胶的进展

脑机接口（BCI）允许人或动物的大脑通过神经接口直接与外部环境进行交互，从而起到监控、保护、改善/恢复、增强和替代的作用。记录脑神经信号等电生理信息对于健康监测和疾病诊断具有重要意义。根据电极位置可分为非植入式、半植入式、植入式。其中，植入式神经电极可以获得最高质量的电生理信息，因此最有应用前景。然而，由于装置和组织之间的化学机械不匹配，随着时间的推移所产生的不良异物反应和性能损失严重限制了植入式神经电极的开发和应用。鉴于这些挑战，基于导电水凝胶的神经电极由于具有与天然组织良好的机械匹配、可忽略的异物反应和最小的信号衰减等许多优点，最近引起了广泛的关注。本综述主要关注导电水凝胶作为神经组织生物相容性框架和用于传输神经组织电信号以加速电再生的导电支持基底的当前发展及其在神经传感、记录以及刺激中的应用。