Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Ahead of Print.
Glacier collapses can occur due to shear failure at the ice-rich debris–rock interface (IDRI). To examine the shear behavior of IDRI, shear tests were conducted on artificial IDRI specimens with varying ice contents (40%, 65%, and 90%), normal stresses (150, 250, 350, 450, and 550 kPa), and temperatures (−1, −3, −5, −7, and −9 °C). Our findings reveal that temperature has the most significant impact on both peak and residual shear strength, followed by normal stress and ice content. As the temperature increases from −9 to −1 °C, the peak and residual shear stress decreased by 62.5%–78%. Notably, for IDRI with the lowest ice content (40%), the residual shear stress is highly influenced by normal stress. We have developed an improved Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion of IDRI in which the cohesion and internal friction angle are determined by ice content and temperature. Furthermore, we propose a novel constitutive model, based on the disturbed state concept, to describe the shear behavior of IDRI. This model combines a spring model and a hyperbolic model. We also discuss the mechanisms through which ice content and temperature influence the shear deformation modes and shear strength of IDRI.

中文翻译：

---

富冰碎屑-岩石界面剪切力学行为的实验研究：温度、应力和含冰量的影响

加拿大岩土工程杂志，印刷前。
由于富含冰的碎片-岩石界面（IDRI）的剪切破坏，可能会发生冰川崩塌。为了检查 IDRI 的剪切行为，对具有不同冰含量（40%、65% 和 90%）、法向应力（150、250、350、450 和 550 kPa）和温度的人造 IDRI 样本进行了剪切测试（−1、−3、−5、−7 和−9°C）。我们的研究结果表明，温度对峰值和残余剪切强度的影响最为显着，其次是法向应力和冰含量。随着温度从-9℃升高到-1℃，峰值剪切应力和残余剪切应力下降了62.5%~78%。值得注意的是，对于冰含量最低 (40%) 的 IDRI，残余剪切应力受正应力的影响很大。我们开发了一种改进的 IDRI 莫尔-库仑强度准则，其中内聚力和内摩擦角由冰含量和温度决定。此外，我们提出了一种基于扰动状态概念的新颖本构模型来描述 IDRI 的剪切行为。该模型结合了弹簧模型和双曲线模型。我们还讨论了冰含量和温度影响 IDRI 剪切变形模式和剪切强度的机制。