The species richness in the Neotropics has been linked to environmental heterogeneity and a complex geological history. We evaluated which biogeographic processes were associated with the diversification of Monkey tree frogs, an endemic clade from the Neotropics. We tested two competing hypotheses: the diversification of Phyllomedusinae occurred either in a “south-north” or a “north-south” direction in the Neotropics. We also hypothesized that marine introgressions and Andean uplift had a crucial role in promoting their diversification. We used 13 molecular markers in a Bayesian analysis to infer phylogenetic relationships among 57 species of Phyllomedusinae and to estimate their divergence times. We estimated ancestral ranges based on 12 biogeographic units considering the landscape modifications of the Neotropical region. We found that the Phyllomedusinae hypothetical ancestor range was probably widespread throughout South America, from Western Amazon to Southern Atlantic Forest, at 29.5 Mya. The Phyllomedusines’ ancestor must have initially diverged through vicariance, generally followed by jump-dispersals and sympatric speciation. Dispersal among areas occurred mostly from Western Amazonia towards Northern Andes and the South American diagonal of dry landscapes, a divergent pattern from both "south-north" and "north-south" diversification hypotheses. Our results revealed a complex diversification process of Monkey tree frogs, occurring simultaneously with the orogeny of Northern Andes and the South American marine introgressions in the last 30 million years.

中文翻译：

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海洋渗入和安第斯山脉隆升推动了新热带猴树蛙（无尾猴、叶蛙亚科）的多样化

新热带地区的物种丰富度与环境异质性和复杂的地质历史有关。我们评估了哪些生物地理过程与猴树蛙的多样化相关，猴树蛙是新热带地区的特有分支。我们测试了两个相互竞争的假设：在新热带地区，叶足螺亚科的多样化要么发生在“南北”方向，要么发生在“南北”方向。我们还假设海洋渗入和安第斯山脉隆起在促进其多样化方面发挥着至关重要的作用。我们在贝叶斯分析中使用 13 个分子标记来推断 57 个叶足水母亚科物种之间的系统发育关系并估计它们的分化时间。考虑到新热带地区的景观变化，我们根据 12 个生物地理单元估计了祖先范围。我们发现，Phyllomedusinae 假设的祖先范围可能广泛分布在整个南美洲，从亚马逊西部到南大西洋森林，海拔为 29.5 Mya。叶状体的祖先一定是最初通过变异而分化的，随后通常是跳跃扩散和同域物种形成。区域间的扩散主要发生在从亚马逊河西部到安第斯山脉北部和南美干旱地貌对角线的地区，这是与“南北”和“南北”多样化假设不同的模式。我们的研究结果揭示了猴树蛙复杂的多样化过程，该过程与过去 3000 万年北安第斯山脉的造山运动和南美海洋渗入同时发生。