Urban green spaces are important for interactions between people and non-human nature, with their associated health and well-being impacts, although their distribution is often unequal. Here, we characterize the distribution of urban green spaces in Belém, the largest city in the Amazon Delta, and relate it to levels of human development and social vulnerability across the city; this is the first such analysis to be conducted for a Brazilian Amazon city. We first conducted a supervised maximum likelihood classification of images at 5–m spatial resolution taken in 2011 by the RapidEye satellites to map the distribution of green space across the urban part of the municipality of Belém. We then calculated two measures of urban green space at the level of human development units: the proportional cover of vegetation (Vegetation Cover Index; VCI) and the area of vegetation per person (Vegetation Cover per Inhabitant; VCPI), and we used hurdle models to relate them to two measures of socioeconomic status: the Social Vulnerability Index and the Human Development Index, as well as to demographic density. We find that VCI and VCPI are higher in more socially vulnerable areas. We explain how this pattern is driven by historical and ongoing processes of urbanization, consider access to urban green space and the benefits to human health and well-being and discuss equitable planning of urban green space management in the Amazon. We conclude that the assumption that urban greening will bring health benefits risks maintaining the status quo in terms of green exclusion and repeating historical injustices via displacement of socially vulnerable residents driven by demand for access to urban green spaces.

中文翻译：

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亚马逊流域大都市的城市绿地暴露率较低且分布不均

城市绿地对于人与非人类之间的互动及其相关的健康和福祉影响非常重要，尽管它们的分布往往是不平等的。在这里，我们描述了亚马逊三角洲最大城市贝伦的城市绿地分布特征，并将其与整个城市的人类发展水平和社会脆弱性联系起来；这是首次对巴西亚马逊城市进行此类分析。我们首先对 2011 年 RapidEye 卫星拍摄的 5 米空间分辨率的图像进行监督最大似然分类，以绘制贝伦市城区绿地分布图。然后，我们计算了人类发展单位水平上城市绿地的两个衡量标准：植被覆盖度比例（Vegetation Cover Index；VCI）和人均植被面积（Vegetation Cover per Inhabitant；VCPI），并使用障碍模型将它们与社会经济地位的两项衡量指标：社会脆弱性指数和人类发展指数以及人口密度联系起来。我们发现，在社会弱势地区，VCI 和 VCPI 较高。我们解释了这种模式是如何由历史和持续的城市化进程驱动的，考虑了城市绿地的获取以及对人类健康和福祉的好处，并讨论了亚马逊城市绿地管理的公平规划。我们的结论是，城市绿化将带来健康益处的假设有可能维持绿色排斥的现状，并因对城市绿地的需求而导致社会弱势居民流离失所，从而重复历史上的不公正现象。