Bisphenol A (BPA) has been classified as an endocrine-disrupting substance that may cause adverse effects on human health and the environment. The development of simple and sensitive electrochemical biosensors is crucial for the rapid and effective quantitative determination of BPA. This work presents a study on electrochemical sensors utilizing gold nanoparticle-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT/AuNPs). Glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) and screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) were conveniently modified and used for BPA detection. AuNPs were electrodeposited onto the CNT-modified electrodes using the galvanostatic method. The electrodes were properly modified and characterized by using Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance analysis (EIS). The electrochemical response of the sensors was studied using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and constant potential amperometry (CPA) for modified GCE and SPE electrodes, respectively, and the main analytical parameters were studied and optimized. Problems encountered with the use of GCEs, such as sensor degradation and high limit of detection (LOD), were overcome by using modified SPEs and a flow injection device for the measurements. Under this approach, an LOD as low as 5 nM (S/N = 3) was achieved and presented a linear range up to 20 μM. Finally, our investigation addressed interference, reproducibility, and reusability aspects, successfully identifying BPA in both spiked and authentic samples, including commercial and tap waters. These findings underscore the practical applicability of our method for accurate BPA detection in real-world scenarios. Notably, the integration of SPEs and a flow injection device facilitated simplified automation, offering an exceptionally efficient and reliable solution for precise BPA detection in water analysis laboratories.

中文翻译：

---

基于金纳米粒子/多壁碳纳米管的双酚A电化学检测：在玻碳和丝网印刷电极上的应用

双酚A（BPA）已被归类为一种内分泌干扰物质，可能对人类健康和环境造成不利影响。开发简单、灵敏的电化学生物传感器对于快速有效地定量测定 BPA 至关重要。这项工作提出了利用金纳米颗粒改性的多壁碳纳米管（CNT/AuNP）的电化学传感器的研究。玻碳电极（GCE）和丝网印刷电极（SPE）经过方便的修改并用于 BPA 检测。使用恒电流方法将 AuNP 电沉积到 CNT 修饰的电极上。使用拉曼光谱、循环伏安法（CV）和电化学阻抗分析（EIS）对电极进行了适当的修饰和表征。分别采用修饰GCE和SPE电极的差分脉冲伏安法（DPV）和恒电位安培法（CPA）研究了传感器的电化学响应，并对主要分析参数进行了研究和优化。通过使用改进的 SPE 和流动注射装置进行测量，克服了使用 GCE 时遇到的问题，例如传感器退化和检测高限 (LOD)。通过这种方法，可实现低至 5 nM (S/N = 3) 的 LOD，并呈现高达 20 μM 的线性范围。最后，我们的调查解决了干扰、重现性和可重复使用性方面的问题，成功识别了加标样品和真实样品（包括商业水和自来水）中的 BPA。这些发现强调了我们的方法在现实场景中准确检测 BPA 的实际适用性。值得注意的是，SPE 和流动注射装置的集成促进了自动化的简化，为水分析实验室中的精确 BPA 检测提供了极其高效和可靠的解决方案。