Food loss and waste (FLW) comes with significant environmental impacts and thus prevents a sustainable food system transition. Here we conducted a systematic review of 174 screened studies that assessed the environmental impacts of FLW generation and treatment. We found that the embodied impacts of FLW along the supply chain and impacts from FLW treatment received equal attention, but few studies have included both. The reviewed studies show narrow geographical (mostly conducted in industrialized countries) and food supply chain (mostly focused on the consumption stage) coverage. Life cycle analysis (LCA), material flow analysis (MFA), or their combination are the most commonly used to quantify FLW related environmental impacts. More method standardization, integration, and innovation and better FLW data with regional and stage resolution from a first-hand source are badly needed. Among the various proposed mitigation strategies covering technology, economy, behavior, and policy aspects, process optimization and waste management options are the most discussed. Our review calls for a more holistic environmental impact assessment of FLW generation and treatment and analysis of the trade-offs among different environmental impact categories and between supply chain stages, which would better inform relevant policy on effective environmental impact mitigation strategies toward sustainable food systems.

中文翻译：

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浪费食物、浪费资源？粮食损失和废物产生及处理的环境影响分析的批判性评论

粮食损失和浪费（FLW）会对环境产生重大影响，从而阻碍粮食系统的可持续转型。我们对 174 项筛选研究进行了系统回顾，这些研究评估了 FLW 产生和处理对环境的影响。我们发现，FLW 对供应链的具体影响和 FLW 处理的影响受到了同样的关注，但很少有研究将两者纳入其中。审查的研究显示地理范围（主要在工业化国家进行）和食品供应链（主要集中在消费阶段）覆盖范围狭窄。生命周期分析 (LCA)、物料流分析 (MFA) 或其组合最常用于量化 FLW 相关的环境影响。迫切需要更多的方法标准化、集成和创新，以及来自第一手来源的具有区域和阶段分辨率的更好的 FLW 数据。在涵盖技术、经济、行为和政策方面的各种拟议缓解策略中，流程优化和废物管理选项是讨论最多的。我们的审查呼吁对粮食浪费和浪费的产生和处理进行更全面的环境影响评估，并分析不同环境影响类别和供应链阶段之间的权衡，这将更好地为相关政策提供关于可持续粮食系统的有效环境影响缓解策略的信息。