The production of CaO for lime-based plaster and render generates 1.2 t CO/t CaO, consumes 1.78 t CaCO/t CaO. This research paper examines the environmental and economic performance of upcycling paper mill sludge (PMS) and carbide lime (CL) as replacements for hydrated lime (HL) in lime-based plasters production. For this, a new Cradle-to-Gate industrial-scale inventory is designed, upscaling recent lab-scale innovations, investigating PMS and CL treatment processes, followed by a Cradle-to-Grave scenario analysis. The results show that incorporating CL in the plaster yields better environmental and economic outcomes compared to PMS. The intermediate treatment for CL is cost-effective and has low carbon emissions. The upcycling of CL eliminates 100% of CO emissions, while PMS reduces emissions by 11%. The production of the traditional binder HL is more expensive than upcycling PMS (+69%) and CL (+65%), with carbon taxes accounting for 35%, 44% and 15% of production costs, respectively. The effect of an equilibrated carbon price to ensure fair market competition, considering the natural carbonation of lime (carbon credit) is discussed, and the cost assessment reveals a 47% and 54% reduction for upcycled plasters using PMS and CL, respectively, compared to traditional HL.

中文翻译：

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使用升级材料制造的石灰基石膏的从摇篮到坟墓的环境和经济可持续性

用于石灰石膏和抹灰的 CaO 的生产产生 1.2 吨 CO/t CaO，消耗 1.78 t CaCO/t CaO。本研究论文探讨了在石灰石膏生产中升级改造造纸厂污泥 (PMS) 和电石石灰 (CL) 作为熟石灰 (HL) 替代品的环境和经济绩效。为此，设计了一个新的从摇篮到门的工业规模库存，升级最近的实验室规模创新，研究 PMS 和 CL 处理工艺，然后进行从摇篮到坟墓的情景分析。结果表明，与 PMS 相比，在石膏中加入 CL 可以产生更好的环境和经济成果。 CL的中间处理具有成本效益且碳排放低。 CL 的升级回收消除了 100% 的二氧化碳排放，而 PMS 则减少了 11% 的排放。传统粘合剂 HL 的生产成本比升级改造 PMS（+69%）和 CL（+65%）更昂贵，碳税分别占生产成本的 35%、44% 和 15%。考虑到石灰的自然碳酸化（碳信用额），讨论了平衡碳价格对确保公平市场竞争的影响，成本评估显示，与使用 PMS 和 CL 的升级回收石膏相比，分别减少了 47% 和 54%传统的HL。