NASA HRP considers developing radiation protection for human space flight and surface habitation as one of the critical technologies for successful deep space exploration. Although the danger of radiation exposure is recognized as a potential show-stopper for deep space exploration, and radiation effects on humans are now understood better than before, shielding strategies for different stages of space flight and habitation are still not addressed in a fully comprehensive manner. Habitats and all space structures planning and design are guided by essential requirements and constraints associated with safety, manufacturing and assembly procedures, propellant and construction costs, maintenance, crew and/or passenger satisfaction. This paper reviews radiation shielding options for space habitats and discusses their feasibility in relation to habitability needs, including the potential for outside viewing in distinct types of space habitats. Typically, radiation protection depends on the thickness of the exterior structure that consists of a pressurized shell, multilayer insulation (MLI) and any applied radiation shielding material. The mass of the external protection shell is the primary factor of radiation shielding effectiveness. Nevertheless, using materials with low atomic numbers (e.g., Boron (5), Carbon (6), and HO) helps to lower secondary radiation hazards. Water, which is rich in hydrogen and has the lowest atomic number, can also be used for other mission needs. Other materials, including biomaterials, can be considered when their inclusion in the structure is possible and appropriate. The paper presents a comprehensive strategy for radiation shielding selection that includes investigation of complications associated with a type of space habitat structure, mission needs, duration, destination, and crew requirements. The approach presented in the paper aims to establish an evaluation methodology for defining the feasibility of the integration of diverse radiation shielding types into habitat structures. The paper summarizes by reviewing radiation shielding proposals with selected case studies including water, regolith, hydrogen-rich polymers, biotechnology, polyethylene/boron nitride composites, and active strategies.

中文翻译：

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评估空间栖息地辐射屏蔽集成的架构方法

NASA HRP 认为开发人类太空飞行和表面居住的辐射防护是成功深空探索的关键技术之一。尽管辐射暴露的危险被认为是深空探索的潜在阻碍，而且现在比以前更好地了解辐射对人类的影响，但太空飞行和居住不同阶段的屏蔽策略仍然没有得到全面全面的解决。栖息地和所有空间结构的规划和设计均以与安全、制造和组装程序、推进剂和施工成本、维护、机组人员和/或乘客满意度相关的基本要求和约束为指导。本文回顾了太空栖息地的辐射屏蔽方案，并讨论了它们与宜居性需求相关的可行性，包括在不同类型的太空栖息地进行外部观察的潜力。通常，辐射防护取决于外部结构的厚度，该外部结构由加压外壳、多层绝缘体 (MLI) 和任何应用的辐射屏蔽材料组成。外部防护壳的质量是辐射屏蔽效果的首要因素。然而，使用低原子序数的材料（例如硼（5）、碳（6）和H2O）有助于降低二次辐射危害。水富含氢且原子序数最低，也可用于其他任务需求。当其他材料（包括生物材料）可能且适合包含在结构中时，可以考虑使用它们。该论文提出了辐射屏蔽选择的综合策略，包括对与空间栖息地结构类型、任务需求、持续时间、目的地和机组人员要求相关的复杂性进行调查。本文提出的方法旨在建立一种评估方法，用于定义将不同辐射屏蔽类型整合到栖息地结构中的可行性。本文通过回顾辐射屏蔽建议和选定的案例研究进行总结，包括水、风化层、富氢聚合物、生物技术、聚乙烯/氮化硼复合材料和主动策略。