Net-zero energy houses (ZEHs) rely on energy-efficient building design and the incorporation of distributed generation and battery energy storage units. Nevertheless, two primary concerns arise: high investment cost of these units and harmful environmental impact of batteries. Using second-life batteries can overcome these concerns by reducing the cost of photovoltaic (PV)-battery systems and mitigating the adverse environmental effects of battery supply chain. Therefore, this study examines the techno-economic feasibility of utilizing second-life batteries for PV storage in grid-connected ZEHs in two provinces (Antalya and Istanbul) of Türkiye. First, two ZEHs with air-to-water heat pumps are designed using BEopt software. Next, the optimal PV-battery capacity in the ZEHs is determined using HOMER Grid software. Finally, the economic feasibility of using three types of batteries (new lead acid, new Li-ion, second-life Li-ion) in ZEHs is compared. The optimal design for a typical ZEH comprises a 5.92 kW PV and an 8.96 kWh second-life Li-ion battery in Istanbul (northern Türkiye), yielding an NPV of $10,906, and a 7.54 kW PV and an 11.52 kWh second-life Li-ion battery in Antalya (southern Türkiye), yielding an NPV of $16,402. The results indicate that using second-life Li-ion increases the NPV of PV-battery systems by 15 % in Istanbul and by 21 % in Antalya. The feasible system configuration categories for Türkiye's economic and climatic conditions are ranked as: PV-second-life Li-ion > PV-no battery ≅ PV-new Li-ion > PV-new lead acid. Incentivizing the use of second-life batteries due to their environmental contribution could result in an even higher NPV increase.

中文翻译：

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净零能源房屋并网光伏和二次电池系统的技术经济分析


净零能源房屋（ZEH）依赖于节能建筑设计以及分布式发电和电池储能单元的结合。然而，存在两个主要问题：这些装置的高投资成本和电池对环境的有害影响。使用二次电池可以通过降低光伏（PV）电池系统的成本并减轻电池供应链对环境的不利影响来克服这些问题。因此，本研究探讨了在土耳其两个省（安塔利亚和伊斯坦布尔）的并网 ZEH 中利用二次电池进行光伏存储的技术经济可行性。首先，使用 BEopt 软件设计了两台配备空气-水热泵的 ZEH。接下来，使用 HOMER Grid 软件确定 ZEH 中的最佳光伏电池容量。最后，比较了ZEH中使用三种类型电池（新型铅酸电池、新型锂离子电池、二次锂离子电池）的经济可行性。典型 ZEH 的优化设计包括位于伊斯坦布尔（土耳其北部）的 5.92 kW PV 和 8.96 kWh 二次寿命锂离子电池，净现值为 10,906 美元，以及 7.54 kW PV 和 11.52 kWh 二次寿命锂离子电池。安塔利亚（土耳其南部）的离子电池，净现值为 16,402 美元。结果表明，使用二次锂离子电池可使伊斯坦布尔光伏电池系统的 NPV 提高 15%，在安塔利亚提高 21%。适合土耳其经济和气候条件的可行系统配置类别排序为：光伏-二次锂离子>光伏-无电池≅光伏-新锂离子>光伏-新铅酸。由于二次电池对环境的贡献而鼓励使用二次电池可能会导致更高的净现值 (NPV) 增长。