The development of new three-dimensional biomaterials with advanced versatile properties is critical to the success of tissue engineering (TE) applications. Here, (a) bioactive decellularized tendon extracellular matrix (dECM) with a sol-gel transition feature at physiological temperature, (b) halloysite nanotubes (HNT) with known mechanical properties and bioactivity, and (c) magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) with superparamagnetic and osteogenic properties were combined to develop a new scaffold that could be used in prospective bone TE applications. Deposition of MNPs on HNTs resulted in magnetic nanostructures without agglomeration of MNPs. A completely cell-free, collagen- and glycosaminoglycan- rich dECM was obtained and characterized. dECM-based scaffolds incorporated with 1%, 2% and 4% MNP-HNT were analysed for their physical, chemical, and in vitro biological properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray powder diffractometry and vibrating sample magnetometry analyses confirmed the presence of dECM, HNT and MNP in all scaffold types. The capacity to form apatite layer upon incubation in simulated body fluid revealed that dECM-MNP-HNT is a bioactive material. Combining dECM with MNP-HNT improved the thermal stability and compressive strength of the macroporous scaffolds upto 2% MNP-HNT. In vitro cytotoxicity and hemolysis experiments showed that the scaffolds were essentially biocompatible. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells adhered and proliferated well on the macroporous constructs containing 1% and 2% MNP-HNT; and remained metabolically active for at least 21 d in vitro. Collectively, the findings support the idea that magnetic nanocomposite dECM scaffolds containing MNP-HNT could be a potential template for TE applications.

中文翻译：

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基于脱细胞肌腱 ECM 和 MNP 沉积埃洛石纳米管的磁性生物复合支架：物理化学、热学、流变学、机械和体外生物学评估

开发具有先进多功能特性的新型三维生物材料对于组织工程（TE）应用的成功至关重要。这里，（a）在生理温度下具有溶胶-凝胶转变特征的生物活性脱细胞肌腱细胞外基质（dECM），（b）具有已知机械性能和生物活性的埃洛石纳米管（HNT），以及（c）具有超顺磁性的磁性纳米颗粒（MNP）和成骨特性相结合，开发出一种可用于未来骨 TE 应用的新支架。 MNP 在 HNT 上的沉积产生了磁性纳米结构，而没有 MNP 团聚。获得并表征了完全无细胞、富含胶原蛋白和糖胺聚糖的 dECM。分析了掺有 1%、2% 和 4% MNP-HNT 的基于 dECM 的支架的物理、化学和体外生物学特性。傅里叶变换红外光谱、X 射线粉末衍射和振动样品磁力分析证实所有支架类型中都存在 dECM、HNT 和 MNP。在模拟体液中孵育后形成磷灰石层的能力表明 dECM-MNP-HNT 是一种生物活性材料。将 dECM 与 MNP-HNT 相结合，可将大孔支架的热稳定性和抗压强度提高至 2% MNP-HNT。体外细胞毒性和溶血实验表明支架基本上具有生物相容性。人骨髓间充质干细胞在含有1%和2%MNP-HNT的大孔构建体上粘附和增殖良好；并在体外保持代谢活性至少21天。总的来说，这些发现支持这样的观点：含有 MNP-HNT 的磁性纳米复合材料 dECM 支架可能成为 TE 应用的潜在模板。