Chronic, non-healing wounds represent a significant challenge for healthcare systems worldwide, often requiring significant human and financial resources. Chronic wounds arise from the complex interplay of underlying comorbidities, such as diabetes or vascular diseases, lifestyle factors, and genetic risk profiles which may predispose extremities to local ischemia. Injuries are further exacerbated by bacterial colonization and the formation of biofilms. Infection, consequently, perpetuates a chronic inflammatory microenvironment, preventing the progression and completion of normal wound healing. The current standard of care (SOC) for chronic wounds involves surgical debridement along with localized wound irrigation, which requires inpatient care under general anesthesia. This could be followed by, if necessary, defect coverage via a reconstructive ladder utilizing wound debridement along with skin graft, local, or free flap techniques once the wound conditions are stabilized and adequate blood supply is restored. To promote physiological wound healing, a variety of approaches have been subjected to translational research. Beyond conventional wound healing drugs and devices that currently supplement treatments, cellular and immunotherapies have emerged as promising therapeutics that can behave as tailored therapies with cell- or molecule-specific wound healing properties. However, in contrast to the clinical omnipresence of chronic wound healing disorders, there remains a shortage of studies condensing the current body of evidence on cellular therapies and immunotherapies for chronic wounds. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of current therapies, experimental approaches, and translational studies, offering insights into their efficacy and limitations. Ultimately, we hope this line of research may serve as an evidence-based foundation to guide further experimental and translational approaches and optimize patient care long-term.

中文翻译：

---

伤口愈合中的细胞疗法和免疫疗法——紧随时间的脉搏？

慢性、不愈合的伤口对全世界的医疗保健系统来说是一个重大挑战，通常需要大量的人力和财力资源。慢性伤口是由潜在合并症的复杂相互作用引起的，例如糖尿病或血管疾病、生活方式因素和遗传风险状况，这些因素可能导致四肢局部缺血。细菌定植和生物膜的形成进一步加剧了损伤。因此，感染会维持慢性炎症微环境，阻止正常伤口愈合的进展和完成。目前慢性伤口的护理标准（SOC）包括手术清创和局部伤口冲洗，这需要全身麻醉下的住院护理。如有必要，一旦伤口状况稳定并恢复足够的血液供应，随后可以利用伤口清创以及植皮、局部或游离皮瓣技术通过重建梯覆盖缺损。为了促进生理伤口愈合，已经对多种方法进行了转化研究。除了目前补充治疗的传统伤口愈合药物和设备之外，细胞和免疫疗法已成为有前途的疗法，可以作为具有细胞或分子特异性伤口愈合特性的定制疗法。然而，与临床上普遍存在的慢性伤口愈合障碍相反，仍然缺乏总结当前慢性伤口细胞疗法和免疫疗法证据的研究。这篇综述对当前的疗法、实验方法和转化研究进行了全面的探索，深入了解了它们的功效和局限性。最终，我们希望这一系列研究可以作为循证基础，指导进一步的实验和转化方法，并长期优化患者护理。