Chemical shakers are active particles with zero propulsion velocity whose activity derives from chemical reactions on portions of their surfaces. Although they do not move, except through Brownian motion, the nonequilibrium concentration and velocity fields that they generate endow them with properties that differ from their equilibrium counterparts. In particular, collections of such shakers can actively move, reorient, and self-assemble into various cluster states, which are the subject of this paper. Elongated chemical shakers constructed from linked catalytic and noncatalytic spheres are considered, and it is shown how hydrodynamic, chemotactic, and shape-dependent interactions give rise to various self-assembled shaker structures. The chemical forces responsible for cluster formation are described in terms of a model based on pair-wise additive contributions. The forms of the self-assembled structures can be varied by changing the chemostat concentrations that control the nonequilibrium state. The resulting structures and their manipulation through chemical means suggest ways to construct a class of active materials for applications.

中文翻译：

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化学摇瓶的自组装

化学摇床是具有零推进速度的活性颗粒，其活性源自其表面部分的化学反应。尽管它们不移动，除非通过布朗运动，但它们产生的非平衡浓度和速度场赋予它们不同于平衡对应物的性质。特别是，此类振动器的集合可以主动移动、重新定向和自组装成各种簇状态，这是本文的主题。考虑了由连接的催化和非催化球体构成的细长化学摇床，并显示了流体动力学、趋化性和形状依赖性相互作用如何产生各种自组装摇床结构。负责簇形成的化学力是根据基于成对加性贡献的模型来描述的。通过改变控制非平衡状态的恒化剂浓度可以改变自组装结构的形式。由此产生的结构及其通过化学手段的操纵提出了构建一类应用活性材料的方法。