This study explores the effectiveness of foam in reducing gas mobility in porous media impacted by surfactant adsorption in highly heterogeneous porous media. The research focuses on assessing the influence of kinetic and equilibrium adsorption during foam displacement on reservoir sweep efficiency, considering co-injection and SAG (Surfactant Alternating Gas) injection strategies. Including the surfactant on the liquid phase and considering the surfactant adsorption effects fitted by experimental data, the mathematical modeling combines Darcy’s law, fluid phase conservation, surfactant transport equations, and a non-Newtonian foam model in local equilibrium. The simulations utilize FOSSIL (FOam diSplacement SImuLator), an in-house software composed of a stable and conservative numerical algorithm with reduced numerical diffusion. These properties are achieved by combining a hybrid mixed finite element method to solve the Darcy system with a central-upwind finite volume scheme to approximate the transport equations and adopting an implicit adaptive method in time. The results reveal that while omitting adsorption phenomena enhances sweep efficiency due to reduced surfactant loss, differences between equilibrium and kinetic adsorption models are minor (up to 0.3% in production). Consequently, these results suggest using simple adsorption models, such as equilibrium isotherms, rather than more complex models, such as kinetics. Additionally, the SAG approach outperforms co-injection (up to 19% in production), despite the fact that the adsorption is detrimental to both of them, aligning with literature results and previous findings.

中文翻译：

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动力学和平衡表面活性剂吸附影响泡沫位移的数值模拟

本研究探讨了泡沫在降低多孔介质气体流动性方面的有效性，该流动性受高度异质多孔介质中表面活性剂吸附的影响。该研究的重点是评估泡沫驱替过程中动力学和平衡吸附对储层波及效率的影响，考虑共注入和 SAG（表面活性剂交替气体）注入策略。包括液相上的表面活性剂并考虑由实验数据拟合的表面活性剂吸附效应，数学建模结合了达西定律、流体相守恒、表面活性剂输运方程和局部平衡中的非牛顿泡沫模型。模拟利用 FOSSIL（FOam 位移模拟器），这是一种内部软件，由稳定且保守的数值算法组成，可减少数值扩散。这些性质是通过将求解达西系统的混合混合有限元方法与近似输运方程的中心迎风有限体积方案并采用隐式时间自适应方法相结合来实现的。结果表明，虽然由于表面活性剂损失减少而省略吸附现象提高了波及效率，但平衡吸附模型和动力学吸附模型之间的差异很小（生产中最多为 0.3%）。因此，这些结果表明使用简单的吸附模型（例如平衡等温线），而不是更复杂的模型（例如动力学）。此外，SAG 方法的性能优于共注射（产量高达 19%），尽管吸附对两者都有害，这与文献结果和之前的发现一致。