A general feature of cancer is hypoxia, determined as low oxygen levels. Low oxygen levels may cause cells to alter in ways that contribute to tumor growth and resistance to treatment. Hypoxia leads to variations in cancer cell metabolism, angiogenesis and metastasis. Furthermore, a hypoxic tumor microenvironment might induce immunosuppression. Moreover, hypoxia has the potential to impact cellular processes, such as autophagy. Autophagy refers to the catabolic process by which damaged organelles and toxic macromolecules are broken down. The abnormal activation of autophagy has been extensively recorded in human tumors and it serves as a regulator of cell growth, spread to other parts of the body, and resistance to treatment. There is a correlation between hypoxia and autophagy in human malignancies. Hypoxia can regulate the activity of AMPK, mTOR, Beclin-1, and ATGs to govern autophagy in human malignancies. Furthermore, HIF-1α, serving as an indicator of low oxygen levels, controls the process of autophagy. Hypoxia-induced autophagy has a crucial role in regulating the growth, spread, and resistance to treatment in human malignancies. Hypoxia-induced regulation of autophagy can impact other mechanisms of cell death, such as apoptosis. Chemoresistance and radioresistance have become significant challenges in recent years. Hypoxia-mediated autophagy plays a crucial role in determining the response to these therapeutic treatments.

中文翻译：

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人类癌症中缺氧相关的自噬通量失调

癌症的一般特征是缺氧，即低氧水平。低氧水平可能会导致细胞发生改变，从而促进肿瘤生长和对治疗的抵抗力。缺氧会导致癌细胞代谢、血管生成和转移的变化。此外，缺氧的肿瘤微环境可能会引起免疫抑制。此外，缺氧有可能影响细胞过程，例如自噬。自噬是指分解受损细胞器和有毒大分子的分解代谢过程。自噬的异常激活在人类肿瘤中已被广泛记录，它可以作为细胞生长、扩散到身体其他部位和治疗抵抗的调节剂。人类恶性肿瘤中缺氧与自噬之间存在相关性。缺氧可以调节 AMPK、mTOR、Beclin-1 和 ATG 的活性，从而控制人类恶性肿瘤中的自噬。此外，HIF-1α 作为低氧水平的指标，控制着自噬过程。缺氧诱导的自噬在调节人类恶性肿瘤的生长、扩散和治疗抵抗方面发挥着至关重要的作用。缺氧诱导的自噬调节可以影响细胞死亡的其他机制，例如细胞凋亡。近年来，化学抗性和辐射抗性已成为重大挑战。缺氧介导的自噬在决定对这些治疗的反应中起着至关重要的作用。