Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a type of chronic recurrent inflammation disease that mainly includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Currently, the treatments for IBD remain highly challenging, with clinical treatment drugs showing limited efficacy and adverse side effects. Thus, developing drug candidates with comprehensive therapeutic effects, high efficiency, and low toxicity is urgently needed. Recently, micro/nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest because of their bioavailability, multitarget and efficient effects on IBD. In addition, gut modulation plays a substantial role in restoring intestinal homeostasis. Therefore, efficient microbiota-based strategies modulating gut microenvironment have great potential in remarkably treating IBD. With the development of micro- and nanomaterials for the treatment of IBD and more in-depth studies of their therapeutic mechanisms, it has been found that these treatments also have a tendency to positively regulate the intestinal flora, resulting in an increase in the beneficial flora and a decrease in the level of pathogenic bacteria, thus regulating the composition of the intestinal flora to a normal state. In this review, we first present the interactions among the immune system, intestinal barrier, and gut microbiome. In addition, recent advances in administration routes and methods that positively arouse the regulation of intestinal flora for IBD using probiotics, prebiotics, and redox-active micro/nanomaterials have been reviewed. Finally, the key challenges and critical perspectives of gut microbiota-based micro/nanomaterial treatment are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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工程微/纳米材料介导调节肠道菌群治疗炎症性肠病的最新进展

炎症性肠病（IBD）是一种慢性复发性炎症性疾病，主要包括克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎。目前，IBD的治疗仍然极具挑战性，临床治疗药物疗效有限且副作用较大。因此，迫切需要开发具有综合治疗效果、高效、低毒的候选药物。近年来，微纳米材料因其生物利用度、多靶点和对IBD的高效作用而引起了人们的广泛关注。此外，肠道调节在恢复肠道稳态方面发挥着重要作用。因此，基于微生物群的有效调节肠道微环境的策略在显着治疗 IBD 方面具有巨大潜力。随着治疗IBD的微纳米材料的发展以及对其治疗机制的更深入研究，人们发现这些治疗方法也有正向调节肠道菌群的倾向，导致有益菌群的增加。致病菌水平下降，从而调节肠道菌群组成至正常状态。在这篇综述中，我们首先介绍了免疫系统、肠道屏障和肠道微生物组之间的相互作用。此外，还综述了利用益生菌、益生元和氧化还原活性微/纳米材料积极激发肠道菌群调节IBD的给药途径和方法的最新进展。最后，还讨论了基于肠道微生物群的微/纳米材料治疗的关键挑战和关键观点。