Several countries face water scarcity problems, so they utilize water desalination. Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most popular desalination process, but it consumes high-grade energy and produces concentrated brine. Combining the RO with other desalination technologies can increase water recovery, reduce energy consumption, and reduce environmental impacts. The current study presents a comprehensive review of previous studies and techniques combining reverse osmosis with other desalination technologies to increase the overall system performance and/or treat RO brines. It analyzes and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of various desalination techniques, economic feasibility, and prospective developments. The discussion includes energy consumption and recovery ratio (RR) and the advantages and challenges of combining different desalination systems to overcome the limitations of standalone cycles. Findings include factors such as daily water production, energy consumption, and cost. While hybrid systems show promising performance metrics, they have potential drawbacks or challenges: increased complexity of system integration, higher maintenance requirements due to the combination of multiple technologies, and potential compatibility issues between different desalination processes. The hybrid RO-MD (Membrane desalination) systems have the highest daily water production, ranging between 26,000–50,000 m/day, at a specific energy consumption of 3.572 kWh/m with energy cost ranging between 0.85 and 0.9 $/m. The RO-MSF (Multi-Stage Flash) systems showed a daily water production ranging from 14.4 to 1000 m/day at specific energy consumption ranging between 5.2 and 6.7 kWh/m with energy costs between 1.35 and 1.84 $/m. Finally, hybrid systems can minimize the cost of producing freshwater and mitigate the environmental problems of waste brine.

中文翻译：

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反渗透与其他海水淡化技术的结合：概述和机遇

一些国家面临水资源短缺问题，因此他们利用海水淡化技术。反渗透（RO）是最流行的海水淡化工艺，但它消耗高品位能源并产生浓缩盐水。将反渗透技术与其他海水淡化技术相结合可以提高水回收率、减少能源消耗并减少对环境的影响。当前的研究对先前的研究和技术进行了全面回顾，将反渗透与其他海水淡化技术相结合，以提高整体系统性能和/或处理反渗透盐水。它分析和讨论了各种海水淡化技术的优缺点、经济可行性和前景发展。讨论内容包括能源消耗和回收率（RR）以及结合不同海水淡化系统以克服独立循环的局限性的优点和挑战。调查结果包括每日产水量、能源消耗和成本等因素。虽然混合系统显示出有希望的性能指标，但它们也存在潜在的缺点或挑战：系统集成的复杂性增加、多种技术的组合导致的更高的维护要求以及不同海水淡化工艺之间潜在的兼容性问题。混合 RO-MD（膜海水淡化）系统的日产水量最高，为 26,000-50,000 m/天，单位能耗为 3.572 kWh/m，能源成本为 0.85 至 0.9 美元/m。 RO-MSF（多级闪蒸）系统的日产水量为 14.4 至 1000 m/天，单位能耗为 5.2 至 6.7 kWh/m，能源成本为 1.35 至 1.84 美元/m。最后，混合系统可以最大限度地降低淡水生产成本并减轻废盐水的环境问题。