High-resolution spectroscopy in soft X-rays will open a new window to map multiphase gas in galaxy clusters and probe physics of the intracluster medium (ICM), including chemical enrichment histories, circulation of matter and energy during large-scale structure evolution, stellar and black hole feedback, halo virialization, and gas mixing processes. An eV-level spectral resolution, large field-of-view, and effective area are essential to separate cluster emissions from the Galactic foreground and efficiently map the cluster outskirts. Several mission concepts that meet these criteria have been proposed recently, e.g. LEM, HUBS, and Super DIOS. This theoretical study explores what information on ICM physics could be recovered with such missions and the associated challenges. We emphasize the need for a comprehensive comparison between simulations and observations to interpret the high-resolution spectroscopic observations correctly. Using Line Emission Mapper (LEM) characteristics as an example, we demonstrate that it enables the use of soft X-ray emission lines (e.g. O VII/VIII and Fe-L complex) from the cluster outskirts to measure the thermodynamic, chemical, and kinematic properties of the gas up to r200 and beyond. By generating mock observations with full backgrounds, analysing their images/spectra with observational approaches, and comparing the recovered characteristics with true ones from simulations, we develop six key science drivers for future missions, including the exploration of multiphase gas in galaxy clusters (e.g. temperature fluctuations, phase-space distributions), metallicity, ICM gas bulk motions and turbulence power spectra, ICM-cosmic filament interactions, and advances for cluster cosmology.

中文翻译：

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绘制高分辨率 X 射线光谱时代的簇内介质图

软 X 射线高分辨率光谱将为绘制星系团中的多相气体和探测星系团内介质 (ICM) 的物理特性打开一个新窗口，包括化学富集历史、大规模结构演化过程中的物质和能量循环、恒星以及黑洞反馈、晕维利亚化和气体混合过程。 eV 级光谱分辨率、大视场和有效面积对于将星团发射与银河系前景分离并有效绘制星团外围地图至关重要。最近提出了几个满足这些标准的任务概念，例如LEM、HUBS 和Super DIOS。这项理论研究探讨了通过此类任务可以恢复哪些关于 ICM 物理的信息以及相关的挑战。我们强调需要对模拟和观测进行全面比较，以正确解释高分辨率光谱观测。以线发射映射器 (LEM) 特性为例，我们证明它能够使用来自星团外围的软 X 射线发射线（例如 O VII/VIII 和 Fe-L 络合物）来测量星团外围的热力学、化学和高达 r200 及以上的气体的运动特性。通过生成具有完整背景的模拟观测，使用观测方法分析其图像/光谱，并将恢复的特征与模拟中的真实特征进行比较，我们为未来的任务开发了六个关键的科学驱动因素，包括探索星系团中的多相气体（例如温度）涨落、相空间分布）、金属丰度、ICM 气体整体运动和湍流功率谱、ICM-宇宙细丝相互作用以及星团宇宙学的进展。