The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of different techniques employed in remediating contaminated soil and wastewater ecosystems to ensure the safety of tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme) cultivated in these environments. Three biochemical techniques T1–T3, besides two controls CCU and CCT, were used to remediate contaminated soil ecosystems using rock phosphate, elemental sulfur, bentonite, phosphate-dissolving bacteria, and Thiobacillus sp. The contaminated agricultural drainage water was remediated by a down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) system. Two experiments were conducted: a pot experiment took place in the greenhouse at the National Research Center of Cairo (Egypt) and a field experiment was carried out at the basin site in the village of El-Rahawy, applying the optimal treatment(s) identified from the greenhouse experiment. The health risk assessment for potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the harvested tomato fruits was conducted by calculating estimated daily intake (EDI) and target risk quotient (THQ) values. Results from the greenhouse experiment indicated the high effectiveness of the DHS technique in remediating El-Rahawy agricultural drainage water. The content of PTEs after remediation was significantly reduced by 100%, 93.3%, 97.8, and 77.8% for cadmium, copper, manganese, and zinc, respectively. The application of treated drainage water in employed reclaimed soil ecosystems led to a remarkable decrease in PTE levels, especially under T3 treatment; the reduction reached 89.4%, 89.5%, and 78.4% for nickel, copper, and zinc, respectively. The bioremediation technique also reduced the content of PTEs in tomato fruits harvested from both greenhouse and field experiments; the cadmium content, for example, was below detection limits in all treatments. The T3 treatment applied in the greenhouse experiment caused the highest percentage decrease among the employed PTEs in tomato fruits grown in the greenhouse. The same trend was also reached in the field experiment. Microbiological analyses of tomato fruits revealed that E. coli, Salmonella, or S. aureus bacteria were identified on tomato fruits harvested from either greenhouses or field experiments, showing that the counted total bacteria were higher under the field experiment compared to the greenhouse experiment. The health risk assessment parameter THQ was below 1.0 for all tested metals under all treatments. This means that no potential health risk is expected from consuming tomato products produced under the different employed remediation treatments. In conclusion, the employed bioremediation techniques successfully reduced the PTE content and microbial load in both soil and drainage water ecosystems and in harvested tomato fruits. Henceforth, no health risks are expected from the consumption of this product.

本研究的目的是评估修复受污染土壤和废水生态系统所采用的不同技术的有效性，以确保在这些环境中种植的番茄果实（ Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme）的安全。除了两种对照 CCU 和 CCT 之外，还使用三种生化技术 T1-T3 来修复受污染的土壤生态系统，其中包括磷矿、元素硫、膨润土、溶磷细菌和硫杆菌。受污染的农业排水系统通过下流式悬挂海绵（DHS）系统进行了修复。进行了两项实验：盆栽实验在开罗国家研究中心（埃及）的温室中进行，田间实验在 El-Rahawy 村的盆地进行，采用了已确定的最佳处理方法来自温室实验。通过计算估计每日摄入量（EDI）和目标风险商（THQ）值，对收获的番茄果实中的潜在有毒元素（PTE）进行健康风险评估。温室实验结果表明，DHS 技术在修复 El-Rahawy 农业排水方面具有高效性。修复后PTEs含量显着降低，其中镉、铜、锰和锌分别降低了100%、93.3%、97.8和77.8%。在使用的再生土壤生态系统中应用处理后的排水导致PTE水平显着下降，特别是在T3处理下；镍、铜和锌的减少量分别达到 89.4%、89.5% 和 78.4%。生物修复技术还降低了温室和田间实验收获的番茄果实中 PTE 的含量；例如，所有处理中的镉含量均低于检测限。温室实验中应用的 T3 处理导致温室中种植的番茄果实中所使用的 PTE 降低百分比最高。现场实验也得出了同样的趋势。番茄果实的微生物分析表明E .大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌或金黄色葡萄球菌在从温室或田间实验收获的番茄果实上鉴定出细菌，表明与温室实验相比，田间实验下的细菌总数计数较高。所有处理下的所有测试金属的健康风险评估参数 THQ 均低于 1.0。这意味着食用采用不同修复处理方法生产的番茄产品预计不会带来潜在的健康风险。总之，所采用的生物修复技术成功地降低了土壤和排水生态系统以及收获的番茄果实中的 PTE 含量和微生物负荷。今后，食用该产品预计不会带来健康风险。