In malaria endemic regions of the Peruvian Amazon, rainfall together with river level and breeding site availability drive fluctuating vector mosquito abundance and human malaria cases, leading to temporal heterogeneity. The main variables influencing spatial transmission include location of communities, mosquito behaviour, land use/land cover, and human ecology/behaviour. The main objective was to evaluate seasonal and microgeographic biting behaviour of the malaria vector Nyssorhynchus (or Anopheles) darlingi in Amazonian Peru and to investigate effects of seasonality on malaria transmission. We captured mosquitoes from 18:00 to 06:00 h using Human Landing Catch in two riverine (Lupuna, Santa Emilia) and two highway (El Triunfo, Nuevo Horizonte) communities indoors and outdoors from 8 houses per community, during the dry and rainy seasons from February 2016 to January 2017. We then estimated parity rate, daily survival and age of a portion of each collection of Ny. darlingi. All collected specimens of Ny. darlingi were tested for the presence of Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites using real-time PCR targeting the small subunit of the 18S rRNA. Abundance of Ny. darlingi varied across village, season, and biting behaviour (indoor vs outdoor), and was highly significant between rainy and dry seasons (p < 0.0001). Biting patterns differed, although not significantly, and persisted regardless of season, with peaks in highway communities at ~ 20:00 h in contrast to biting throughout the night (i.e., 18:00–06:00) in riverine communities. Of 3721 Ny. darlingi tested for Plasmodium, 23 (0.62%) were infected. We detected Plasmodium-infected Ny. darlingi in both community types and most (20/23) were captured outdoors during the rainy season; 17/23 before midnight. Seventeen Ny. darlingi were infected with P. vivax, and 6 with P. falciparum. No infected Ny. darlingi were captured during the dry season. Significantly higher rates of parity were detected in Ny. darlingi during the rainy season (average 64.69%) versus the dry season (average 36.91%) and by community, Lupuna, a riverine village, had the highest proportion of parous to nulliparous females during the rainy season. These data add a seasonal dimension to malaria transmission in peri-Iquitos, providing more evidence that, at least locally, the greatest risk of malaria transmission is outdoors during the rainy season mainly before midnight, irrespective of whether the community was located adjacent to the highway or along the river.

中文翻译：

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时空变量对秘鲁伊基托斯周边地区 Nyssorhynchus darlingi（双翅目：蚊科）丰度、咬合活动和奇偶数的影响

在秘鲁亚马逊地区的疟疾流行地区，降雨量、河流水位和繁殖地的可用性导致媒介蚊子数量和人类疟疾病例的波动，从而导致时间异质性。影响空间传播的主要变量包括群落位置、蚊子行为、土地利用/土地覆盖和人类生态/行为。主要目的是评估秘鲁亚马逊流域疟疾病媒达林按蚊（Nyssorhynchus，或Anopheles）的季节性和微观地理叮咬行为，并研究季节性对疟疾传播的影响。我们在干燥和多雨期间，从 18:00 至 06:00 在两个河流沿岸（Lupuna、Santa Emilia）和两个高速公路（El Triunfo、Nuevo Horizo​​nte）社区的室内和室外使用 Human Landing Catch 从每个社区的 8 栋房屋捕获了蚊子2016 年 2 月至 2017 年 1 月的季节。然后，我们估计了 Ny 每个集合的一部分的奇偶率、每日存活率和年龄。达林吉。所有采集的标本均来自纽约。使用针对 18S rRNA 小亚基的实时 PCR 测试 darlingi 是否存在间日疟原虫或恶性疟原虫子孢子。丰富的纽约。 darlingi 因村庄、季节和叮咬行为（室内与室外）而异，并且在雨季和旱季之间非常显着（p < 0.0001）。叮咬模式有所不同，但不显着，并且无论季节如何，都会持续存在，高速公路社区的叮咬高峰出现在大约 20:00 小时，而河流社区的叮咬整个晚上（即 18:00–06:00）。 3721 纽约。 darlingi 进行了疟原虫检测，23 人（0.62%）被感染。我们检测到感染疟原虫的 Ny。两种社区类型中的 darlingi 大部分 (20/23) 都是在雨季在户外捕获的； 17/23 午夜前。纽约十七岁。达林吉犬感染间日疟原虫，6 只感染恶性疟原虫。没有感染纽约。 darlingi是在旱季捕获的。纽约州的奇偶率明显较高。雨季达林吉（平均 64.69%）与旱季（平均 36.91%）相比，按社区划分，河滨村庄卢普纳 (Lupuna) 雨季经产与未生育雌性的比例最高。这些数据为伊基托斯周边地区的疟疾传播增加了季节性因素，提供了更多证据表明，至少在当地，疟疾传播的最大风险是雨季期间的户外，主要是在午夜之前，无论该社区是否位于高速公路附近或沿河。