Pain is a common symptom of many diseases with a high incidence rate. Clinically, drug treatment, as the main method to relieve pain at present, is often accompanied by different degrees of adverse reactions. Therefore, it is urgent to gain a profound understanding of the pain mechanisms in order to develop advantageous analgesic targets. The PD-L1/PD-1 pathway, an important inhibitory molecule in the immune system, has taken part in regulating neuroinflammation and immune response. Accumulating evidence indicates that the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway is aberrantly activated in various pain models. And blocking PD-L1/PD-1 pathway will aggravate pain behaviors. This review aims to summarize the emerging evidence on the role of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway in alleviating pain and provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in pain resolution, including the regulation of macrophages, microglia, T cells, as well as nociceptor neurons. However, its underlying mechanism still needs to be further elucidated in the future. In conclusion, despite more deep researches are needed, these pioneering studies indicate that PD-L1/PD-1 may be a potential neuroimmune target for pain relief.

中文翻译：

---

PD-L1/PD-1 通路：缓解疼痛的潜在神经免疫靶点

疼痛是多种疾病的常见症状，发病率较高。临床上，药物治疗作为目前缓解疼痛的主要方法，往往伴随着不同程度的不良反应。因此，迫切需要深入了解疼痛机制，以开发有利的镇痛靶点。 PD-L1/PD-1通路是免疫系统中重要的抑制分子，参与调节神经炎症和免疫反应。越来越多的证据表明，PD-L1/PD-1 通路在各种疼痛模型中被异常激活。而阻断PD-L1/PD-1通路会加剧疼痛行为。本综述旨在总结有关 PD-L1/PD-1 通路在缓解疼痛中作用的新证据，并概述疼痛缓解所涉及的机制，包括巨噬细胞、小胶质细胞、T 细胞以及伤害感受器神经元。但其背后的机制仍需未来进一步阐明。总之，尽管还需要更深入的研究，但这些开创性的研究表明 PD-L1/PD-1 可能是缓解疼痛的潜在神经免疫靶点。