Errors that arise due to a mismatch in the dynamics of a person’s motion and the visualized movements of their avatar in virtual reality are termed ‘physicality errors’ to distinguish them from simple physical errors, such as footskate. Physicality errors involve plausible motions, but with dynamic inconsistencies. Even with perfect tracking and ideal virtual worlds, such errors are inevitable in virtual reality whenever a person adopts an avatar that does not match their own proportions or lifts a virtual object that appears heavier than the movement of their hand. This study investigates people’s sensitivity to physicality errors in order to understand when they are likely to be noticeable and need to be mitigated. It uses a simple, well-understood exercise of a dumbbell lift to explore the impact of motion kinematics and varied sources of visual information, including changing body size, changing the size of manipulated objects, and displaying muscular strain. Results suggest that kinematic (motion) information has a dominant impact on perception of effort, but visual information, particularly the visual size of the lifted object, has a strong impact on perceived weight. This can lead to perceptual mismatches which reduce perceived naturalness. Small errors may not be noticeable, but large errors reduce naturalness. Further results are discussed, which inform the requirements for animation algorithms.

由于人的运动动力学与虚拟现实中化身的可视化运动不匹配而产生的错误被称为“物理错误”，以区别于简单的物理错误，例如滑冰。物理错误涉及看似合理的运动，但动态不一致。即使有完美的跟踪和理想的虚拟世界，在虚拟现实中，每当一个人采用与自己比例不匹配的化身或举起一个看起来比其手的移动重的虚拟物体时，这种错误是不可避免的。这项研究调查了人们对身体错误的敏感度，以便了解这些错误何时可能引人注目并需要缓解。它使用简单、易于理解的哑铃举重练习来探索运动运动学和各种视觉信息来源的影响，包括改变身体尺寸、改变操纵物体的大小以及显示肌肉拉伤。结果表明，运动学（运动）信息对努力的感知具有主导影响，但视觉信息，特别是举起物体的视觉尺寸，对感知重量有很大影响。这可能会导致感知不匹配，从而降低感知的自然度。小错误可能不明显，但大错误会降低自然度。讨论了进一步的结果，这些结果告知了动画算法的要求。