Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered by many to be the deadliest microbe, with the estimated annual cases numbering more than 10 million. The bacteria, including Mycobacterium africanum, are classified into nine major lineages and hundreds of sublineages, each with different geographical distributions and levels of virulence. The phylogeographic patterns can be a result of recent and early human migrations as well as coevolution between the bacteria and various human populations, which may explain why many studies on human genetic factors contributing to tuberculosis have not been replicable in different areas. Moreover, several studies have revealed the significance of interactions between human genetic variations and bacterial genotypes in determining the development of tuberculosis, suggesting coadaptation. The increased availability of whole-genome sequence data from both humans and bacteria has enabled a better understanding of these interactions, which can inform the development of vaccines and other control measures.

中文翻译：

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结核分枝杆菌与人类之间的基因组相互作用

结核分枝杆菌许多人认为它是最致命的微生物，估计每年病例数超过 1000 万例。这些细菌包括非洲分枝杆菌，分为九个主要谱系和数百个亚谱系，每个亚谱系具有不同的地理分布和毒力水平。系统发育地理学模式可能是近期和早期人类迁徙以及细菌与不同人群之间共同进化的结果，这可能解释了为什么许多关于导致结核病的人类遗传因素的研究未能在不同地区复制。此外，一些研究揭示了人类遗传变异和细菌基因型之间的相互作用在决定结核病发展中的重要性，表明了相互适应。来自人类和细菌的全基因组序列数据的可用性的增加使得人们能够更好地了解这些相互作用，这可以为疫苗和其他控制措施的开发提供信息。