Antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) lead to soil pollution and structural degradation at Sb smelting sites. However, most sites focus solely on Sb/As immobilization, neglecting the restoration of soil functionality. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of Fe/HO modified biochar (Fe@HO-BC) and Sb-oxidizing bacteria (. S3) in immobilizing Sb/As and enhancing soil functional resilience at an Sb smelting site. Over a twelve-month period, the leaching toxicity of As and Sb was reduced to 0.05 and 0.005 mg L (GB3838–2002) respectively, with 1% (w/w) Fe@HO-BC and 2% (v/v) . S3 solution. Compared to CK, the combination of Fe@HO-BC and . S3 significantly reduced the bioavailable As/Sb by 98.00%/93.52%, whilst increasing residual As and reducible Sb fractions by 210.31% and 96.51%, respectively. The combined application generally improved soil aggregate structure, pore characteristics, and water-holding capacity. Fe@HO-BC served as a pH buffer and long-term reservoir of organic carbon, changing the availability of carbon substrates to bacteria. The inoculation of . S3 facilitated the transformation of Sb(III)/As(III) to Sb(V)/As(V) and differentiated the composition and functional roles of bacterial communities in soils. The combination increased the abundance of soil saprotrophs by 164.20%, whilst improving the relative abundance of N- and S-cycling bacteria according to FUNGuild and FAPROTAX analysis. These results revealed that the integrated application was instrumental in As/Sb detoxification/immobilization and soil function restoration, which demonstrating a promising microbially-driven ecological restoration strategy at Sb smelting sites.

中文翻译：

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改性生物炭与锑氧化菌联合修复冶炼场Sb/As固定化及土壤功能改善

锑（Sb）和砷（As）会导致锑冶炼场的土壤污染和结构退化。然而，大多数站点仅关注 Sb/As 固定，忽视了土壤功能的恢复。在这里，我们研究了 Fe/H2O 改性生物炭 (Fe@HO-BC) 和 Sb 氧化细菌 (.S3) 在固定 Sb/As 和增强锑冶炼场土壤功能恢复能力方面的有效性。在 12 个月的时间内，使用 1% (w/w) Fe@HO-BC 和 2% (v/v) 时，As 和 Sb 的浸出毒性分别降低至 0.05 和 0.005 mg·L (GB3838–2002) 。 S3解决方案。与 CK 相比，Fe@HO-BC 和 的组合。 S3 使生物可利用的 As/Sb 显着降低了 98.00%/93.52%，同时使残留 As 和可还原 Sb 分数分别增加了 210.31% 和 96.51%。联合施用总体上改善了土壤团粒结构、孔隙特性和持水能力。 Fe@HO-BC 充当 pH 缓冲剂和有机碳的长期储存库，改变细菌对碳底物的可用性。的接种。 S3促进Sb(III)/As(III)向Sb(V)/As(V)的转化，并区分土壤中细菌群落的组成和功能作用。根据 FUNGuild 和 FAPROTAX 分析，该组合使土壤腐生菌的丰度增加了 164.20%，同时提高了 N 和 S 循环细菌的相对丰度。这些结果表明，综合应用有助于砷/锑解毒/固定和土壤功能恢复，这证明了锑冶炼场微生物驱动的生态恢复策略的前景。