Extracellular vesicles (EVs), acting as inherent nanocarriers adept at transporting a range of different biological molecules such as proteins, lipids, and genetic material, exhibit diverse functions within the gastroenteric tract. In states of normal health, they participate in the upkeep of systemic and organ homeostasis. Conversely, in pathological conditions, they significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases (GIDs). Isolating EVs from patients’ biofluids facilitates the discovery of new biomarkers that have the potential to offer a rapid, cost-effective, and non-invasive method for diagnosing and prognosing specific GIDs. Furthermore, EVs demonstrate considerable therapeutic potential as naturally targeted physiological carriers for the intercellular delivery of therapeutic cargo molecules or as nanoscale tools engineered specifically to regulate physio-pathological conditions or disease progression. Their attributes including safety, high permeability, stability, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and homing/tropism capabilities contribute to their promising clinical therapeutic applications. This review will delve into various examples of EVs serving as biomarkers or nanocarriers for therapeutic cargo in the context of GIDs, highlighting their clinical potential for both functional and structural gastrointestinal conditions. The versatile and advantageous properties of EVs position them as promising candidates for innovative therapeutic strategies in advancing personalized medicine approaches tailored to the gastroenteric tract, addressing both functional and structural GIDs.

中文翻译：

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揭示细胞外囊泡作为胃肠道疾病生物标志物和治疗纳米工具的潜力

细胞外囊泡（EV）作为固有的纳米载体，擅长运输一系列不同的生物分子，如蛋白质、脂质和遗传物质，在胃肠道内表现出多种功能。在正常健康状态下，它们参与维持全身和器官的稳态。相反，在病理条件下，它们显着促进胃肠道疾病（GID）的发病机制。从患者的生物体液中分离 EV 有助于发现新的生物标志物，这些标志物有可能为特定 GID 的诊断和预后提供快速、经济高效且非侵入性的方法。此外，EVs 作为用于细胞间递送治疗性货物分子的自然靶向生理载体或作为专门设计用于调节生理病理状况或疾病进展的纳米级工具，表现出相当大的治疗潜力。它们的特性包括安全性、高渗透性、稳定性、生物相容性、低免疫原性和归巢/向性能力，有助于其有前景的临床治疗应用。本综述将深入研究 EV 在 GID 背景下作为治疗性货物的生物标志物或纳米载体的各种例子，强调它们在功能性和结构性胃肠道疾病方面的临床潜力。 EV 的多功能和优势特性使其成为创新治疗策略的有希望的候选者，以推进针对胃肠道的个性化医疗方法，解决功能性和结构性 GID。