(1): The Upper Silesia region of Poland is one of the most extensively altered regions of Europe due to human activity, especially coal mining. (2): We used cluster analysis to examine the floristic composition of three classified forest communities: forests developed on post-coal mine mineral heaps (HF), mixed deciduous forests (DECI), and managed secondary coniferous forests (CON). Vegetation data were collected from 44 randomly selected plots, and plant traits connected with persistence, dispersal, and regeneration were taken from commonly used plant trait databases. (3): Higher species richness, species diversity, and evenness (36, 2.7, and 0.76, respectively) were calculated for HF plots compared with those plots from DECI (22, 1.9, and 0.62) and CON (18, 2.0, and 0.71) plots. Higher functional richness (0.173, 0.76) and functional divergence were determined for HF compared with those calculated for DECI (FRic 0.090, FDiv 0.71) and CON (FRic 0.026, FDiv 0.69). In contrast, the substrate from HF forests had significantly lower soil respiration (0.76 mg-CO2 h/m2) compared with substrates from both CON and DECI forests (0.90 and 0.96 mg-CO2 h/m2, respectively); (4): A set of complex abiotic stresses which plants suffer from on coal mine spoil heaps shaped different patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity. These findings demonstrate the importance of investigating successional aspects and carbon dynamics of de novo forests which have developed on post-coal mine spoil heaps in urban industrial areas.

中文翻译：

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煤矿堆上生长的新型森林的植物种类和功能多样性与经营针叶和落叶混交林的比较

(1)：波兰上西里西亚地区是欧洲因人类活动（尤其是煤炭开采）变化最广泛的地区之一。 (2)：我们使用聚类分析来研究三类森林群落的植物区系组成：煤矿后矿堆发育的森林（HF）、落叶混交林（DECI）和管理的次生针叶林（CON）。从 44 个随机选择的地块中收集植被数据，并从常用的植物性状数据库中获取与持久性、传播和再生相关的植物性状。 (3)：与 DECI（22、1.9 和 0.62）和 CON（18、2.0 和 0.62）的图相比，HF 图计算出更高的物种丰富度、物种多样性和均匀度（分别为 36、2.7 和 0.76） 0.71) 地块。与 DECI（FRic 0.090，FDiv 0.71）和 CON（FRic 0.026，FDiv 0.69）计算的结果相比，HF 确定了更高的功能丰富度（0.173，0.76）和功能分歧。相比之下，与 CON 和 DECI 森林的基质（分别为 0.90 和 0.96 mg-CO2 h/m2）相比，HF 森林的基质具有显着较低的土壤呼吸（0.76 mg-CO2 h/m2）； (4)：煤矿弃土堆上植物遭受的一系列复杂的非生物胁迫形成了不同的分类和功能多样性模式。这些发现证明了研究在城市工业区煤矿后弃土堆上发展起来的新生森林的演替方面和碳动态的重要性。