Providing NFPA 1403 compliant live-fire training can present thermal and chemical exposure risk to instructors and students. To reduce risk, training academies, fire departments, instructors, and standards setting technical committees need more information on how different training fuels used in common training structures can impact the environment in which firefighter training occurs. This study utilized a traditional concrete training structure with multiple compartments to characterize training environments with three different fuel package materials [i.e., low density wood fiberboard, oriented strand board (OSB), and wood pallets]. Exposure risks for a fire instructor located on either the first or second floor were characterized using measurements of heat flux, air temperature and airborne concentrations of several contaminants including known, probable, or possible carcinogens. It was hypothesized that utilizing a training fuel package with solid wood pallets would result in lower concentrations of these airborne contaminants [aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] than wood-based sheet goods containing additional resins and/or waxes. Additionally, it was hypothesized that these concentrations would be lower than in the single compartment Fire Behavior Lab presented in a companion manuscript. For all measured compounds other than hydrochloric acid, airborne concentrations were 10 to 100 times lower than in the Fire Behavior Lab. OSB-fueled fires produced the highest median concentrations of total PAHs and VOCs such as benzene, while the pallet fuel package produced the lowest median concentrations of these compounds. These trends generally followed the qualitative visual obscuration created by each fuel. Additional tests were conducted on the OSB-fueled fires with increased ventilation and an alternate means of reducing visibility through smoldering smoke barrels. This OSB experiment with increased ventilation resulted in the highest temperatures in the fire room but the lowest impact on visibility throughout the structure, as well as the lowest overall concentrations of contaminants in this study. In contrast, the smoldering straw-filled smoke barrel created a highly obscured environment (with minimal impact on thermal environment) and some of the highest concentrations of the targeted contaminants of any test. These data may be useful in balancing obscuration for training with potential exposure to thermal stressors and contaminants.

提供符合 NFPA 1403 标准的实弹训练可能会给教师和学生带来热和化学暴露风险。为了降低风险，培训学院、消防部门、讲师和标准制定技术委员会需要更多信息，了解常见培训结构中使用的不同培训燃料如何影响消防员培训的环境。本研究利用具有多个隔间的传统混凝土训练结构来描述使用三种不同燃料包材料（即低密度木纤维板、定向刨花板（OSB）和木托盘）的训练环境。通过测量热通量、空气温度和空气中多种污染物（包括已知的、可能的或可能的致癌物质）的浓度来表征位于一楼或二楼的消防教练的暴露风险。据推测，使用带有实木托盘的训练燃料包会导致这些空气污染物[醛、多环芳烃 (PAH) 和挥发性有机化合物 (VOC)] 的浓度低于含有其他树脂和/或的木质片材产品。或蜡。此外，假设这些浓度将低于配套手稿中介绍的单室火灾行为实验室中的浓度。对于除盐酸以外的所有测量化合物，空气中的浓度比火灾行为实验室低 10 至 100 倍。以定向结构刨花板为燃料的火灾产生的总 PAH 和苯等挥发性有机化合物的中值浓度最高，而托盘燃料包产生的这些化合物的中值浓度最低。这些趋势通常遵循每种燃料产生的定性视觉模糊。对定向结构刨花板引发的火灾进行了额外的测试，增加了通风，并采用阴燃烟筒降低​​能见度的替代方法。这项增加通风的定向结构刨花板实验导致火灾室温度最高，但对整个结构能见度的影响最小，并且污染物的总体浓度最低。相比之下，阴燃的稻草填充烟桶创造了一个高度模糊的环境（对热环境的影响最小），并且目标污染物的浓度在任何测试中都是最高的。这些数据可能有助于平衡训练的遮挡与潜在的热应激源和污染物暴露。