The interaction between programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is expressed on the surface of tumor cells, and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), which is expressed on T cells, impedes the effective activation of tumor antigen-specific T cells, resulting in the evasion of tumor cells from immune-mediated killing. Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway has been shown to be effective in preventing tumor immune evasion. PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies have garnered significant attention in recent years within the field of tumor treatments, given the aforementioned mechanism. Furthermore, clinical research has substantiated the efficacy and safety of this immunotherapy across various tumors, offering renewed optimism for patients. However, challenges persist in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies, marked by limited indications and the emergence of drug resistance. Consequently, identifying additional regulatory pathways and molecules associated with PD-1/PD-L1 and implementing judicious combined treatments are imperative for addressing the intricacies of tumor immune mechanisms. This review briefly outlines the structure of the PD-1/PD-L1 molecule, emphasizing the posttranslational modification regulatory mechanisms and related targets. Additionally, a comprehensive overview on the clinical research landscape concerning PD-1/PD-L1 post-translational modifications combined with PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies to enhance outcomes for a broader spectrum of patients is presented based on foundational research.

中文翻译：

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癌症的新兴治疗前沿：PD-1/PD-L1 翻译后修饰和调控途径的见解

肿瘤细胞表面表达的程序性细胞死亡配体1（PD-L1）与T细胞上表达的程序性细胞死亡1（PD-1）之间的相互作用阻碍了肿瘤抗原的有效激活。特异性 T 细胞，导致肿瘤细胞逃避免疫介导的杀伤。阻断PD-1/PD-L1信号通路已被证明可以有效防止肿瘤免疫逃逸。鉴于上述机制，PD-1/PD-L1阻断抗体近年来在肿瘤治疗领域引起了广泛关注。此外，临床研究证实了这种免疫疗法对各种肿瘤的有效性和安全性，为患者带来了新的乐观情绪。然而，抗PD-1/PD-L1疗法仍然面临挑战，其特点是适应症有限和耐药性的出现。因此，确定与 PD-1/PD-L1 相关的额外调控途径和分子并实施明智的联合治疗对于解决肿瘤免疫机制的复杂性至关重要。本文简要概述了PD-1/PD-L1分子的结构，强调了翻译后修饰调控机制和相关靶点。此外，基于基础研究，对 PD-1/PD-L1 翻译后修饰与 PD-1/PD-L1 阻断抗体相结合以增强更广泛患者的治疗效果的临床研究前景进行了全面概述。