Amaranth is a nutritionally valuable crop, as it contains phenolic acids and flavonoids, yielding diverse plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) like phytosterol, tocopherols, and carotenoids. This study explored the variations in the contents of seventeen polyphenolic compounds within the leaves of one hundred twenty Amaranthus accessions representing nine Amaranthus species. The investigation entailed the analysis of phenolic content across nine Amaranthus species, specifically A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus, A. caudatus, A. tricolor, A. dubius, A. blitum, A. crispus, A. hybridus, and A. viridis, utilizing ultra performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (UPLC-PDA). The results revealed significant differences in polyphenolic compounds among accessions in which rutin content was predominant in all Amaranthus species in both 2018 and 2019. Among the nine Amaranthus species, the rutin content ranged from 95.72 ± 199.17 μg g−1 (A. dubius) to 1485.09 ± 679.51 μg g−1 (A. viridis) in 2018 and from 821.59 ± 709.95 μg g−1 (A. tricolor) to 3166.52 ± 1317.38 μg g−1 (A. hypochondriacus) in 2019. Correlation analysis revealed, significant positive correlations between rutin and kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside (r = 0.93), benzoic acid and ferulic acid (r = 0.76), and benzoic acid and kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside (r = 0.76), whereas gallic acid showed consistently negative correlations with each of the 16 phenolic compounds. Wide variations were identified among accessions and between plants grown in the two years. The nine species and one hundred twenty Amaranthus accessions were clustered into six groups based on their seventeen phenolic compounds in each year. These findings contribute to expanding our understanding of the phytochemical traits of accessions within nine Amaranthus species, which serve as valuable resources for Amaranthus component breeding and functional material development.

中文翻译：

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不同苋菜品种多酚化合物的比较分析：基因型和采收年份的影响

苋菜是一种营养价值很高的作物，因为它含有酚酸和类黄酮，可产生多种植物次生代谢物 (PSM)，如植物甾醇、生育酚和类胡萝卜素。本研究探讨了代表九个苋属物种的一百二十个苋属材料叶子中十七种多酚化合物含量的变化。该调查需要分析九种苋属植物的酚类含量，特别是 A. hypochondriacus、A. cruentus、A. caudatus、A. tricolor、A. dubius、A. blitum、A. Cripus、A. Hybridus 和 A. viridis ，利用超高效液相色谱与光电二极管阵列检测（UPLC-PDA）。结果表明，2018年和2019年所有苋属植物中芦丁含量占主导地位的种质间多酚化合物存在显着差异。在9个苋属植物中，芦丁含量范围为95.72 ± 199.17 μg g−1 (A. dubius)至2018 年为 1485.09 ± 679.51 μg g−1 (A. viridis)，2019 年为 821.59 ± 709.95 μg g−1 (A. tricolor) 至 3166.52 ± 1317.38 μg g−1 (A.hypochondriacus)。相关分析显示，显着正向芦丁和山奈酚-3-O-β-芸香苷（r = 0.93）、苯甲酸和阿魏酸（r = 0.76）以及苯甲酸和山奈酚-3-O-β-芸香苷（r = 0.76）之间的相关性，而没食子酸与 16 种酚类化合物中的每一种都表现出一致的负相关性。在种质之间以及两年内生长的植物之间发现了很大的差异。根据每年的 17 种酚类化合物，将 9 个物种和 120 个苋菜种质分为 6 个组。这些发现有助于扩大我们对九种苋属植物化学特性的了解，为苋属成分育种和功能材料开发提供宝贵资源。