Electron transfer during solid–liquid contact electrification has been demonstrated to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (^•OH) and superoxide anion radicals (^•O₂^–). Here, we show that such a process also occurs in liquid–liquid contact electrification. By preparing perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions to construct a perfluorocarbon–water “liquid–liquid” interface, we confirmed that electrons were transferred from water to perfluorocarbon in ultrasonication-induced high-frequency liquid–liquid contact to produce ^•OH and ^•O₂^–. The produced ROS could be applied to ablate tumors by triggering large-scale immunogenic cell death in tumor cells, promoting dendritic cell maturation and macrophage polarization, ultimately activating T cell-mediated antitumor immune response. Importantly, the raw material for producing ^•OH is water, so the tumor therapy is not limited by the endogenous substances (O₂, H₂O₂, etc.) in the tumor microenvironment. This work provides new perspectives for elucidating the mechanism of generation of free radicals in liquid–liquid contact and provides an excellent tumor therapeutic modality.

中文翻译：

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全氟化碳-水（液-液）界面接触带电产生的自由基及其在癌症治疗中的应用

固液接触起电过程中的电子转移已被证明会产生活性氧（ROS），例如羟基自由基（^· OH）和超氧阴离子自由基（^· O ₂ ^–）。在这里，我们表明这样的过程也发生在液-液接触起电中。通过制备全氟化碳纳米乳液构建全氟化碳-水“液-液”界面，我们证实在超声诱导的高频液-液接触中电子从水转移到全氟化碳，产生^• OH 和^• O ₂ ^-。产生的ROS可以通过触发肿瘤细胞中大规模的免疫原性细胞死亡、促进树突状细胞成熟和巨噬细胞极化，最终激活T细胞介导的抗肿瘤免疫反应来消融肿瘤。重要的是，产生^· OH的原料是水，因此肿瘤治疗不受肿瘤微环境中内源性物质（O ₂、H ₂ O ₂等）的限制。这项工作为阐明液-液接触中自由基的产生机制提供了新的视角，并提供了一种优异的肿瘤治疗方式。