"Pavlovian" or "motivational" biases are the phenomenon that the valence of prospective outcomes modulates action invigoration: Reward prospect invigorates action, while punishment prospect suppresses it. While effects of the valence of prospective outcomes are well established, it is unclear how the magnitude of outcomes modulates these biases. In this pre-registered study (N = 55), we manipulated stake magnitude (high vs. low) in an orthogonalized Motivational Go/ NoGo Task. We tested whether higher stakes (a) strengthen biases or (b) elicit cognitive control recruitment, enhancing the suppression of biases in motivationally incongruent conditions. Confirmatory tests yielded that high stakes slowed down responses independently of the Pavlovian biases, especially in motivationally incongruent conditions, without affecting response selection. Reinforcement-learning drift-diffusion models (RL-DDMs) fit to the data suggested that this effect was best captured by stakes prolonging the non-decision time, but not affecting the response threshold as in typical speed-accuracy tradeoffs. In sum, these results suggest that high stakes result in a slowing-down of the decision process without affecting the expression of Pavlovian biases in behavior. We speculate that this slowing under high stakes might reflect heightened cognitive control, which is however ineffectively used, or reflect positive conditioned suppression, i.e., the suppression of locomotion by high-value immanent rewards, as phenomenon previously observed in rodents that might also exist in humans. Pavlovian biases and slowing under high stakes seem to arise in parallel to each other.

中文翻译：

---

高风险反应缓慢，但无助于克服人类的巴甫洛夫偏见

“巴甫洛夫式”或“动机性”偏差是预期结果的效价调节行动激励的现象：奖励前景激励行动，而惩罚前景抑制行动。虽然预期结果效价的影响已得到充分证实，但尚不清楚结果的大小如何调节这些偏差。在这项预先注册的研究 (N = 55) 中，我们在正交化动机 Go/NoGo 任务中操纵了赌注大小（高与低）。我们测试了较高的风险是否会（a）强化偏见或（b）引发认知控制招募，从而在动机不一致的情况下增强对偏见的抑制。验证性测试表明，高风险会减慢反应速度，与巴甫洛夫偏差无关，尤其是在动机不一致的情况下，而不影响反应选择。与数据拟合的强化学习漂移扩散模型 (RL-DDM) 表明，这种效果最好通过延长非决策时间的赌注来捕获，但不会像典型的速度-准确度权衡中那样影响响应阈值。总之，这些结果表明，高风险会导致决策过程减慢，但不会影响巴甫洛夫行为偏差的表达。我们推测，这种在高风险下的放缓可能反映了认知控制的增强，但这种控制并未得到有效利用，或者反映了正向条件抑制，即高价值内在奖励对运动的抑制，正如之前在啮齿类动物中观察到的现象，这种现象也可能存在于啮齿类动物中。人类。巴甫洛夫偏见和高风险下的放缓似乎是同时出现的。