Grape softening is a complex process that is related to pectin degradation in the plant cell wall. β-galactosidases (BGALs) can degrade the galactose in rhamnogalacturonan (RG-I) pectin and plays an important role in fruit softening, but the functions of genes encoding BGALs during berry development and softening are still unclear. Fourteen genes were identified in the grape genome. Among them, was consistently more highly expressed in grape flesh that was still firm compared to soft grape flesh during berry development. Overexpression of increased fruit firmness and decreased the postharvest water loss in transgenic tomato fruits. Histological analysis indicated that pericarp thickness and the number of epidermal cell layers increased, and that there were more vascular sheath cells in the fruit mid-column of transgenic tomato fruits. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays verified that VvNAC1 negatively regulated the transcription of . In addition, overexpression of led to down-regulation of cell wall degradation-related genes at different stages of fruit ripening. Together, these results suggested that plays an important role in fruit development, fruit ripening and fruit softening and may serve as a target for future breeding programs.

中文翻译：

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葡萄β-半乳糖苷酶基因VvBGAL3的过度表达延缓番茄果实软化并延长货架期

葡萄软化是一个复杂的过程，与植物细胞壁中果胶的降解有关。 β-半乳糖苷酶（BGALs）可以降解鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸（RG-I）果胶中的半乳糖，在果实软化中发挥重要作用，但编码BGALs的基因在浆果发育和软化过程中的功能仍不清楚。在葡萄基因组中鉴定出了十四个基因。其中，在浆果发育过程中，与柔软的葡萄果肉相比，在仍然坚硬的葡萄果肉中始终表达得更高。转基因番茄果实中过度表达可增加果实硬度并减少采后水分流失。组织学分析表明，转基因番茄果实果皮厚度和表皮细胞层数增加，果中柱维管束鞘细胞增多。酵母单杂交和双荧光素酶报告基因检测证实 VvNAC1 负调控 的转录。此外，过表达导致细胞壁降解相关基因在果实成熟的不同阶段下调。总之，这些结果表明，它在果实发育、果实成熟和果实软化中发挥着重要作用，并且可以作为未来育种计划的目标。