In the context of evaluating the impact of environmentally friendly and sustainably produced alternative protein sources in fish feed, the present study's aim was to examine the overall physiological stress response in one of the main fish species of European freshwater aquaculture, Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), following the partial substitution of fish meal (FM) with a Tenebrio molitor (TM) (yellow mealworm) full‐fat meal. In total, 222 rainbow trout individuals (115.2 ± 14.2 g) were allocated randomly into six tanks, three per dietary treatment, and were fed a formulated diet containing 60% yellow mealworm (TM60) compared to a control diet without insect meal (TM0). Both diets contained equal amounts of crude protein, dry matter and, lipid content, while the FM in TM60 was 100 g kg−1 corresponding to the one seventh of the TM0. Heat shock response (HSR), MAPK signalling, cell death pathways (apoptosis and autophagy), antioxidant defence mechanisms, and intermediate metabolism were evaluated. In general, HSR and MAPK signalling were activated in response to the inclusion of T. molitor. Moreover, triggering of apoptotic and autophagic processes and the onset of antioxidant defence mechanisms underlined the existence of physiological stress. Despite the apparent dietary‐induced stress, rainbow trout in the present study exhibited no mortality and no significant effects regarding growth performance parameters. Specifically, TM60 dietary inclusion resulted in no changes in final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate. However, feed intake depicted a statistically significant decrease in TM60 fish compared to TM0 individuals. Nevertheless, nutrient stress should be considered a limiting factor regarding the utilization of T. molitor in O. mykiss diet due to the associated risks for health and welfare.

中文翻译：

---

黄粉虫幼虫膳食对虹鳟细胞应激反应、抗氧化状态和中间代谢的影响

在评估鱼饲料中环境友好且可持续生产的替代蛋白质来源的影响的背景下，本研究的目的是检查欧洲淡水水产养殖的主要鱼类之一的整体生理应激反应，虹鳟（虹鳟鱼），用鱼粉（FM）部分替代黄粉虫(TM)（黄粉虫）全脂餐。总共 222 条虹鳟鱼个体（115.2 ± 14.2 克）被随机分配到 6 个水箱中，每个饲料处理 3 个，并饲喂含有 60% 黄粉虫 (TM60) 的配方饲料，与不含昆虫粉的对照饲料 (TM0) 进行比较。两种日粮均含有等量的粗蛋白、干物质和脂质含量，而 TM60 中的 FM 为 100 g kg−1对应于TM0的七分之一。评估了热休克反应 (HSR)、MAPK 信号传导、细胞死亡途径（细胞凋亡和自噬）、抗氧化防御机制和中间代谢。一般来说，HSR 和 MAPK 信号传导因包含莫利托。此外，细胞凋亡和自噬过程的触发以及抗氧化防御机制的启动强调了生理应激的存在。尽管存在明显的饮食引起的压力，但本研究中的虹鳟鱼没有表现出死亡率，并且对生长性能参数没有显着影响。具体而言，TM60 饮食不会导致最终体重、体重增加和特定生长率发生变化。然而，与 TM0 个体相比，TM60 鱼的采食量在统计上显着减少。然而，营养胁迫应被视为利用资源的限制因素。莫利托在O. 米基斯饮食由于相关的健康和福利风险。