This study examines the combined production of drop-in fuels and methanol using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) as a technological basis in the context of bioenergy and power-to-X (PtX) applications. Given the increasing need for flexibility in a system dominated by fluctuating renewable power, we evaluated flexible methanol operation as a strategy to harness global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a grid-connected HTL setup. In this operation, the biogenic CO₂ destination is alternated between methanol synthesis bioenergy with carbon capture and utilization and combined underground storage depending on the hourly electricity price and grid carbon intensity. The results indicate that the strategy has potential to maintain the average fuel carbon intensity within the 65% GHG reduction threshold set by the renewable energy directive III at a minimum methanol price of 870 EUR/t. This approach could facilitate implementation as it does not require dedicated renewable power generation and hydrogen storage, potentially decreasing costs compared to semi-islands and off-grid PtX systems.

中文翻译：

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集成电子甲醇和直接燃料水热液化平台─灵活 BECCU(S) 运行下并网工厂的技术经济和温室气体排放评估

本研究探讨了在生物能源和电力转化为 X (PtX) 应用背景下使用水热液化 (HTL) 作为技术基础的直接燃料和甲醇的联合生产。鉴于以波动的可再生能源为主的系统对灵活性的需求日益增长，我们评估了灵活的甲醇运行作为并网 HTL 设置中控制全球温室气体 (GHG) 排放的策略。在此操作中，生物源CO ₂目的地根据每小时电价和电网碳强度在具有碳捕获和利用的甲醇合成生物能源和组合地下储存之间交替。结果表明，该策略有潜力在甲醇最低价格为 870 欧元/吨的情况下，将平均燃料碳强度维持在可再生能源指令 III 规定的 65% 温室气体减排阈值内。这种方法可以促进实施，因为它不需要专用的可再生能源发电和储氢，与半岛屿和离网 PtX 系统相比，可能会降低成本。