Global warming has profound effects on the living conditions and metabolism of organisms, including fish. The metabolic rate of fish increases as the temperature increases within its thermal tolerance range. Temperature changes can trigger a range of physiological reactions, including the activation of the stress axis and the production of HSPs. Under stress conditions, HSPs play a crucial role in antioxidant systems, immune responses, and enzyme activation. This study examined the effects of heat shock products (HSPs) on fish under temperature stress. Various HSP inducers (HSPis), including Pro-Tex®, amygdalin, and novel synthetic compounds derived from pirano piranazole (SZ, MZ, HN-P1, and HN-P2), were evaluated in isolated cells of sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) treated with temperature changes (18, 22, and 26 °C). Cells from the liver, kidney, and gills were cultured in vitro in the presence and absence of temperature stress and treated with HSPi compounds. To assess HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 expression patterns, Western blotting was used. The HSPis and HSPi + temperature stress treatments affected the antioxidant capacity and immune parameters, among other enzyme activities. The results showed that HSPi compounds increase cell survival in vitro, positively modulate HSP expression and antioxidant levels, and decrease immune parameters. HSPi can increase A. ruthenus tolerance to temperature stress. In addition, the results indicate that these compounds can reverse adverse temperature effects. Further research is needed to determine how these ecological factors affect fish species' health in vivo and in combination with other stressors.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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HSP诱导剂对温度胁迫下的鲟鱼细胞中热休克蛋白（HSP）基因表达的影响以及抗氧化和免疫反应

全球变暖对包括鱼类在内的生物体的生存条件和新陈代谢产生深远影响。在鱼的耐热范围内，随着温度的升高，鱼的新陈代谢率也会增加。温度变化会引发一系列生理反应，包括应激轴的激活和热休克蛋白的产生。在应激条件下，热休克蛋白在抗氧化系统、免疫反应和酶激活中发挥着至关重要的作用。本研究探讨了热休克产品 (HSP) 对温度应激下鱼类的影响。在红鲟（Acipenser ruthenus）的分离细胞中评估了各种 HSP 诱导剂 (HSPis)，包括 Pro-Tex®、苦杏仁苷和源自吡喃吡拉唑的新型合成化合物（SZ、MZ、HN-P1 和 HN-P2）通过温度变化（18、22 和 26 °C）进行处理。在存在和不存在温度应激的情况下体外培养来自肝脏、肾脏和鳃的细胞，并用HSPi化合物处理。为了评估 HSP27、HSP70 和 HSP90 表达模式，使用了蛋白质印迹法。 HSPis 和 HSPi + 温度应激处理会影响抗氧化能力和免疫参数以及其他酶活性。结果表明，HSPi 化合物可增加体外细胞存活率，正向调节 HSP 表达和抗氧化剂水平，并降低免疫参数。 HSPi可以提高A. ruthenus对温度胁迫的耐受性。此外，结果表明这些化合物可以逆转不利的温度影响。需要进一步的研究来确定这些生态因素如何影响鱼类的体内健康以及与其他应激源的结合。

图形概要