PurposeDelayed structural and functional recovery after a 20 km graded running race was analyzed with respect to the sex effect.MethodsThirteen female and 14 male recreational runners completed the race and three test sessions: one before (PRE) and two after, once on Day 1 or 2 (D1‐2) and then on Day 3 or 4 (D3‐4). Muscle damage was assessed indirectly using ultrasonography to quantify changes in cross‐sectional area (CSA) of 10 lower‐limb muscles. Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) was assessed for three muscle groups. Functional recovery was quantified by kinetic analysis of a squat jump (SJ) and a drop jump (DJ) test performed on a sledge ergometer. Linear mixed models were used to assess control group reproducibility and recovery patterns according to sex.ResultsRegardless of sex, DOMS peaked at D1‐2 for all muscle groups and resolved at D3‐4. CSA was increased in each muscle group until D3‐4, especially in the semimembranosus muscle. A specific increase was found in the short head of the biceps femoris in women. Regardless of sex, SJ and DJ performances declined up to D3‐4. Depending on the muscle, positive and/or negative correlations were found between structural and functional changes. Some of these were sex‐specific.ConclusionStructural and functional recovery was incomplete in both sexes up to D3‐4, although DOMS had disappeared. More emphasis should be placed on hamstring muscle recovery. Highlighting the intermuscular compensations that can occur during multi‐joint testing tasks, the structural‐functional relationships were either positive or negative, muscle‐ and sex‐dependent.

中文翻译：

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分级跑步比赛对男性和女性下肢肌肉损伤、跳跃能力和肌肉酸痛的影响

目的分析 20 公里分级跑步比赛后结构和功能恢复延迟对性别的影响。方法 13 名女性和 14 名男性休闲跑步者完成了比赛和 3 次测试：一次在赛前（PRE），两次在赛后，一次在第一天或2 (D1-2)，然后在第 3 或第 4 天 (D3-4)。使用超声检查量化 10 块下肢肌肉横截面积 (CSA) 的变化来间接评估肌肉损伤。对三个肌肉群的肌肉酸痛延迟发作（DOMS）进行了评估。通过在雪橇测力计上进行的深蹲跳 (SJ) 和跌落跳 (DJ) 测试的动力学分析来量化功能恢复。使用线性混合模型根据性别评估对照组的再现性和恢复模式。结果无论性别如何，所有肌肉群的 DOMS 在 D1-2 时达到峰值，并在 D3-4 时消退。直到 D3-4，每个肌肉群的 CSA 都增加，尤其是半膜肌。女性股二头肌短头有明显的增加。无论性别如何，SJ 和 DJ 的表现在 D3‐4 期间均有所下降。根据肌肉的不同，结构和功能变化之间存在正相关和/或负相关。其中一些是性别特异性的。 结论 尽管 DOMS 已经消失，但直至 D3-4，两种性别的结构和功能恢复都不完整。应更加重视腿筋肌肉的恢复。强调多关节测试任务期间可能发生的肌肉间代偿，结构功能关系要么是正的，要么是负的，依赖于肌肉和性别。