Abstract Since the discovery of graphene many studies focused on its functionalization by different methods. These strategies aim to find new pathways to overcome the main drawback of graphene, a missing band-gap, which strongly reduces its potential applications, particularly in the domain of nanoelectronics, despite its huge and unequaled charge carrier mobility. The necessity to contact this material with a metal has motivated a lot of studies of metal/graphene interactions and has led to the discovery of the intercalation process very early in the history of graphene. Intercalation, where the deposited atoms do not stay at the graphene surface but intercalate between the top layer and the substrate, may happen at room temperature or be induced by annealing, depending of the chemical nature of the metal. This kind of mechanism was already well-known in the earlier Graphite Intercalation Compounds (GICs), particularly famous for one current application, the Lithium-ion Battery, which is simply an application based on the intercalation of Lithium atoms between two sheets of graphene in a graphite anode. Among numerous discoveries the GICs community also found a way to obtain graphite with superconducting properties by using intercalated alkali metals. Graphene is now a playground to “revisit” and understand all these mechanisms and to discover possible new properties of graphene induced by intercalation. For example, the intercalation process may be used to decouple the graphene layer from its substrate, to change its doping level or even, in a more general way, to modify its electronic band structure and the nature of its Dirac fermions. In this paper we will focus on the functionalization of graphene by using intercalation of metal atoms but also of molecules. We will give an overview of the induced modifications of the electronic band structure possibly leading to spin-orbit coupling, superconductivity, …We will see how this concept of functionalization is also now used in the framework of other 2D materials beyond graphene and of van der Waals heterostructures based on these materials.

中文翻译：

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通过嵌入实现二维材料的功能化

摘要 自发现石墨烯以来，许多研究都集中在通过不同方法对其进行功能化。这些策略旨在寻找新的途径来克服石墨烯的主要缺点，即带隙缺失，尽管其具有巨大且无与伦比的电荷载流子迁移率，但它极大地降低了其潜在应用，特别是在纳米电子领域。将这种材料与金属接触的必要性激发了对金属/石墨烯相互作用的大量研究，并导致在石墨烯历史的早期发现了嵌入过程。插层，其中沉积的原子不停留在石墨烯表面，而是插在顶层和基板之间，可能发生在室温下或由退火引起，这取决于金属的化学性质。这种机制在早期的石墨插层化合物 (GIC) 中已经众所周知，尤其以目前的一个应用锂离子电池而闻名，它只是一种基于锂原子在两片石墨烯之间插层的应用。石墨阳极。在众多发现中，GIC 社区还找到了一种通过使用插层碱金属获得具有超导特性的石墨的方法。石墨烯现在是“重新审视”和理解所有这些机制并发现由嵌入引起的石墨烯可能的新特性的游乐场。例如，嵌入过程可用于将石墨烯层与其基底分离，改变其掺杂水平，甚至以更一般的方式修改其电子能带结构和狄拉克费米子的性质。在本文中，我们将专注于通过使用金属原子和分子的嵌入来实现石墨烯的功能化。我们将概述可能导致自旋轨道耦合、超导性的电子能带结构的诱导修改……我们将看到这种功能化概念现在也如何用于石墨烯和范德以外的其他二维材料的框架中基于这些材料的瓦尔斯异质结构。