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Experimental study on fire behaviours of double fires with asymmetric heat release rates in the tunnel with natural ventilation Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-04-08 Kun He, Yongzheng Yao, Long Shi, Hui Yang, Xudong Cheng
This study experimentally investigates fire behaviors of double fires with asymmetric heat release rates in a naturally ventilated tunnel including flame merging and longitudinal ceiling gas temperature distribution. The comparison between double fires with symmetric and asymmetric heat release rates was also made. The results show that the flame merging possibility increases as the heat release rate
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Multi-dimensional investigation of ceiling jet temperature characteristics beneath curved ceiling produced by fire in the utility tunnel Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Rongliang Pan, Guoqing Zhu
To study the temperature profile beneath the curved ceiling from a multi-dimensional perspective, an experimental investigation was conducted in utility tunnels with two different sizes, and a series of models were established to predict a two-dimensional longitudinal temperature profile and transverse temperature attenuation in this study. The prediction models for the two-dimensional longitudinal
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Design fire scenarios for hazard assessment of modern battery electric and internal combustion engine passenger vehicles Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-30 Jonathan L. Hodges, Urvin Salvi, Anil Kapahi
Full-scale fire testing of battery electric (BEVs) and internal combustion engine (ICEVs) passenger vehicles has historically shown peak heat release rates (HRRs) ranging from 5–10 MW. However, the vehicles tested in these studies are smaller with less energy capacity than vehicles currently on the market. This paper presents a model to extrapolate data from full-scale vehicle fire tests to evaluate
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Influence of carbon fibre orientation and heat flux on the thermomechanical response of CFRP using small-scale apparatus Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-29 Tim J. Aspinall, Emmajane L. Erskine, Derek C. Taylor, Rory M. Hadden
This study uses a small-scale apparatus to investigate the influence of carbon fibre orientation and heat flux on the thermomechanical response of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP). The proposed test apparatus allows the thermomechanical behaviour, relating to the mechanical performance degradation with particular surface temperature and temperature gradient of a CFRP, to be investigated. The
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Performance of various water-based fire suppression systems in tunnels with longitudinal ventilation Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-29 Ying Zhen Li, Haukur Ingason, Magnus Arvidson, Michael Försth
Low pressure, medium pressure and high pressure water-based fire suppression systems were tested in a medium scale tunnel (scale 1:3). The primary objective was to investigate which of these systems are most effective in the suppression or control of different types of tunnel fires. The default low, medium and high pressure systems refer to full scale water flow rates of 10 mm/min, 6.8 mm/min and 3
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Multi-objective optimization of structural fire design Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-29 Ranjit Kumar Chaudhary, Thomas Gernay, Ruben Van Coile
Probabilistic risk assessment can be used for determining a design with a residual risk that is As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). Existing risk-based design approaches however predominantly focus on single objectives, which can be impractical considering the need for structures to meet diverse performance criteria across various dimensions, including monetary costs, environmental costs, and
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Experimental study of smoke characteristics in a double-deck tunnel with multiple point extraction using a branch pipe Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-28 Zhan Wang, Zhi Tang, Zheng Fang, Zhiming He, Tao Yang, Min Zhou, Enshi Wang, Yinhang Xu
A reduced scale 1:8 double-deck tunnel model was built to study smoke control performance of a semi-transverse ventilation system using a branch pipe to connect the lower deck tunnel to the upper smoke duct. 41 experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of different activation modes of smoke vents, heat release rate (HRR), and exhaust smoke rates on smoke spread distance. An optimum smoke control
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Quenching extinction of solid sphere diffusion flames induced by a sudden removal of gravity Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-28 Michael C. Johnston, James S. T′ien, Sheng-Yen Hsu, Ching-Wei Wu, Sandra L. Olson, Paul V. Ferkul
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Experimental study on thermal stability and burn-back performance of aqueous film forming foam agent(AFFF) with short-chain fluorocarbon surfactant or flame retardant Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-23 Zhengyang Wang, Xuepeng Jiang, Chaojun Yang, Biao Zhou
Long-chain fluorocarbon surfactant is widely used in aqueous film-forming AFFF due to its excellent interfacial property. It can effectively improve the extinguishing efficiency of foam by improving the stability of foam. However, due to its severity environmental damage, some studies in recent years have focused on using short-chain fluorocarbon surfactants or flame retardants to replace long-chain
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Study on the propagation characteristics of gas explosions disturbed by crushed rock in tunnels through gas-containing stratum Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-22 Zhenqi Liu, Jihong Ye, Xiaoxing Zhong, Qiu Zhong, Yansen Lu
Gas explosions pose a serious risk to tunnel construction when through a gas-containing stratum. The crushed rock accumulated in tunnel could have a significant impact on explosion. To understand the mechanism of crushed rock influence on gas explosion, methane/air explosion experiments under the crushed rock with different blockage ratios and void ratios were carried out using an independently designed
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Bond between deformed steel rebars and concrete at elevated temperatures Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-22 Ira Banoth, Anil Agarwal
This paper presents an experimental study on the bond behavior between deformed steel rebars and concrete at elevated temperatures, focusing on the effect of heating rate on the flexural bond strength. Most of the earlier research on this topic involved axial pull-out tests in cooled-down conditions. None of the earlier research has studied flexural bond behavior in hot conditions. Also, there is a
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Comparative investigation on fire resistance of different fire prevention schemes for 1670 MPa steel wires used in bridge cables Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Zongxing Zhang, Zhenchao Chai, Jihong Ye, Youde Wang, Taike Zhang, Ya Ni
This paper mainly investigated the fire resistance of different fire prevention schemes for 1670 MPa steel wires used in bridge cables. The fire resistance tests on bridge cables under different fire protection schemes were carried out. The failure modes and the varied patterns of temperature at different positions of the cables was studied, and the optimal design scheme of fire protection for bridge
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Corrigendum to “Defining the fire decay and the cooling phase of post-flashover compartment fires” [Fire Saf. J. 141 (2023) 103965] Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-19 Andrea Lucherini, Jose L. Torero
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Elevated-temperature mechanical property and constitutive model of galvanized parallel wire strands Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-16 Yong Du, Li Wang, Yong Wang, Shaojun Zhu, Xuehong Li
High-temperature conditions lead to severe degradation of the mechanical properties of steel cables. This study conducted uniaxial tensile tests on 19-wire galvanized parallel wire strands (GPWSs) at elevated temperatures. Using a non-contact measurement system, the failure modes under high-temperature conditions were observed, and stress-strain curves were obtained for 12 temperature levels ranging
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Assessing the performance of pedestrian stoop evacuation under height constraints with different motivations Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Kongjin Zhu, Xiaoyan Wang, Ning Guo, Peng Mei
In some specific pedestrian evacuation circumstances such as where the presence of fire smoke, pedestrians are forced to take abnormal walking postures like stooping or crawling to avoid exposure to harmful smoke. Many previous studies have focused on the characteristics of pedestrians' upright walking or crawling. However, the performance of pedestrians’ stoop evacuation has not been comprehensively
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Experiments on fire-protected and hot-dip galvanised steel bolted connections Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Maria-Mirabela Firan, Tohid Ghanbari-Ghazijahani, Jinhong Cheung, Martin Mensinger
Connections are of high significance in the stability and integrity of steel structures. Connections play a key role in structures exposed to fire because they are supposed to support the entire elements against a variety of loads. In steel beams, a connection is generally implemented to join (at least) two perpendicular members. A thorough understanding of the heat transfer in structural members is
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Influence of detailed in-depth radiation modeling on the computational predictions of liquid pool burning rates Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 Farid Alinejad, Hadi Bordbar, Simo Hostikka
Since thermal radiation substantially contributes to the flame heat feedback, a significant impact is anticipated for the in-depth radiation absorption in pool fires. This research focuses on investigating the influence of a detailed in-depth radiation absorption model on the accurate prediction of the flammability characteristics (, ignition time and burning rate) of liquids in using computational
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Dual-wavelength optical sensor for fire detection and measurement of aerosol mass concentration Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 Jingjing Xia, Yi Zhou, Jin Zeng
Currently, optical sensors are focused on improving the sensitivity to enable the detection of ultra-early fire. However, these optical sensors are extremely susceptible to false alarms due to the interference of non-fire aerosols. Concurrently, the response of black smoke is lower than white smoke, which could result in omission alarms. To address these challenges, a new method employing polarization
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Rapid heat stress causes increased delta spectral power 24 h post-exposure and altered reaction time in firefighters by its dynamic ability to generate heat storage Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Cory J. Coehoorn, Jillian Danzy, Naina Bouchereau-Lal, Aaron Adams
This experiment determined the duration that rapid heat stress (RHS) impacts neural function and reaction time. Previous research has discovered that RHS results in neural function changes immediately post-exposure. No studies have evaluated the duration that these variables are impacted. Additionally, research has not assessed the impact of RHS on reaction time. We hypothesized that RHS would lead
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Experimental evaluation of subsonic-horizontal jet flames: Impact of practical crack shapes Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 Praveen Vijayan, Ajin C. Sajeevan, G.K. Thampi, Adriana Palacios
Accidental leakage of flammable gas with momentum emanating from pipeline cracks when met with an ignition can bring about turbulent diffusion flames known as jet fires. The jet fire geometry is a vital parameter in fire safety calculations and in the design of safe process facilities. The previous research confirms that the jet geometry is influenced by the shape of such cracks (shape of the source)
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A novel measurement strategy for explosion temperature field towards enhancing the fire process safety Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-19 Hao Yu, Yaru Sun, Yan Liu, Xiaofeng Wang, Fenglei Huang, Haipeng Liu
Chemical explosives such as TNT are widely used in special scenarios, such as civil explosives, due to their simple preparation and high energy density. However, the temperature of the fireball produced by the explosion of these explosives is extremely high. Moreover, this approach may cause many casualties and economic losses if not prevented. To accurately measure the temperature of a transient explosion
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Unraveling the surface heat flux heterogeneity in cone calorimetry of cylindrical charring material: Insights from experiments and 2D modeling Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-14 Morteza Gholami Haghighi Fard, Simo Hostikka
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Simulated effects of main properties and heat flux on first dripping behaviors of polymers impinged by small flames Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-10 Yong Wang, Lei Duan, Aohui Zhou, Hongyan Yao, Ying Lu
Dripping plays a significant role in understanding the UL-94 vertical test. In this study, the dripping of polymers impinged by small flames was simulated using the volume of fluid method and the enthalpy-porosity technique. The UL-94 flame was approximated using a 2026K gas flow with a velocity of 0.9 m/s, meeting with ASTM-D5207. The small-size drop and the large-size drop were characterized by aspect
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A model for minimum ignition energy prediction of sugar dust clouds based on interactive orthogonal experiments and machine learning Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-10 Yuankun Zhong, Xiaoquan Li, Zhiwen Yang, Xiaoyan Liu, Enyao Yao
This study applies the concept of orthogonal experimental design to explore the influence of ignition delay time, dispersal pressure, dust mass, and interaction effects between these factors on the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of sugar dust. Additionally, it aims to establish a comprehensive predictive model for the MIE of sugar dust considering the combined effects of multiple factors. Comparative
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Enhanced fire-fighting performance of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) by tuning bubble size and expansion ratio with kenics static mixers Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Huan Li, Xiaoyang Yu, Ke Qiu, Xiao Yu, Shouxiang Lu
Fire-fighting foams are highly desirable materials for extinguishing a fire and preventing fuel re-burning in the chemical industry. Here, we developed a novel compressed-air foam system (CAFS) with the Kenics static mixer as the foam generator to make fire-fighting foams. Physical properties of commercial aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), commercial fluorine-free foam and homemade fluorine-free foam
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Sensitivity analysis for an effective transfer of estimated material properties from cone calorimeter to horizontal flame spread simulations Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Tássia L.S. Quaresma, Tristan Hehnen, Lukas Arnold
Predictive flame spread models based on temperature dependent pyrolysis rates require numerous material properties as input parameters. These parameters are often derived by optimisation and inverse modelling using data from bench scale experiments such as the Cone Calorimeter. The estimated parameters are then transferred to flame spread simulations, where self-sustained propagation is expected. A
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Combustion characteristics and fire hazard assessment of small-scale pool fires in increased oxygen concentration Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-06 Zehua Yang, Wenbin Yao, Jiaqing Zhang, Chaoying Li, Bing Bo, Shouxiang Lu
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of oxygen concentration on pool fire combustion in specific locations where oxygen concentrations exceed 21% due to oxygen leaks, such as rocket launch sites, aircraft, submarines, etc. The combustion characteristics of small-scale pool fires under high oxygen concentrations should be conducted by experimental and theoretical analysis. This study
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LES of fire plumes subjected to crosswind inducing vertical vorticity Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Bruno A.C. Barata, Francisco C. Martins, José C.F. Pereira
In the present work, the structure of several fire plumes from massive fires subjected to moderate crosswinds is numerically investigated by means of large eddy simulations. The fire plume evolution was evaluated by the mean concentration for a range of fireline intensities and inclinations. There is a notorious rise in the fire plume’s vertical extent and inclination upon increasing fireline intensity
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Extinction coefficients from aerosol measurements Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Christoph Gnendiger, Thorsten Schultze, Kristian Börger, Alexander Belt, Lukas Arnold
In this contribution, we develop a model that describes light extinction in the presence of arbitrary aerosols. In doing so, we take advantage of the fact that during measurements with the ELPI+-system, aerosol particles of any shape are internally mapped to spherical surrogates. The developed model is particularly simple and depends on only a few parameters, namely on densities and refractive indices
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Model uncertainty in a parametric fire curve approach: A stochastic correction factor for the compartment fire load density Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Florian Put, Andrea Lucherini, Bart Merci, Ruben Van Coile
A commonly used approach to represent the thermal load in a compartment fire is the Eurocode Parametric Fire Curve (EPFC), which specifies gas temperatures (or rather adiabatic surface temperatures). Recognizing the significant deviations between real fires and the EPFC framework, the concept of model uncertainty is explored. This study does not aim to assess or improve the EPFC, but introduces a model
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Effect of pyrolysis reaction kinetics modified by adding inorganics on flame spread of cellulose Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-03 Takuya Yamazaki, Daiki Yasuda, Shun Yamazaki, Daiki Matsugi, Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Yuji Nakamura
The influence of pyrolysis reaction parameters on the flame spread rate over a thin cellulose strip was examined for varying additive amounts of an inorganic compound (KCO). The increase in the mass fraction of KCO in the sample causes a decrease in the flame spread rate. Above 1.8% in KCO, the flame experiences extinction and smoldering occurs. The results of kinetic analysis reveal that the rate
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Experimental study on thermo-hydro-mechanical responses of concrete plates subjected to in-plane compressive loading and one-side heating Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-03 Chao Jiang, Hao-Chuan Zhang, Yu-Qing Ge, Xiang-Lin Gu, Xiao-Bin Song
This paper investigated experimentally the thermo-hydro-mechanical responses of pre-dried and saturated concrete plates subjected to in-plane compression and one-side heating. Three concrete plates for each of three grades were designed: one was saturated and then heated; one was saturated, loaded and then heated; the remaining one was pre-dried, loaded and then heated. During the heating and cooling
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Compartment fires: Challenges for fire modeling as a tool for a safe design (IAFSS workshop, April 2021) Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Tarek Beji, Juan P. Hidalgo, Talal Fateh, Jason Floyd, Hugues Prétrel, Anthony Hamins
The use of fire models to support fire protection engineering decisions requires an understanding of model shortcomings and assurance in their predictive robustness. This note is a summary of the online ‘compartment fire’ workshop that was organized prior to the International Association of Fire Safety Science (IAFSS) symposium, hosted online by the University of Waterloo (Canada) in April 2021. The
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Large-eddy simulation of a full-scale glove box fire Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-31 Germain Boyer, Uday Chikkabikkodu, Arnaud Mura, Franck Richard
Reactive large-eddy simulations (LES) of the stage of peak heat release rate of open atmosphere glove box fires are carried out. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that the LES of such a geometry is reported in the literature. A multi-fuel extension of the eddy-dissipation model (EDM) is used to simulate the combustion of the two distinct solid fuels, PMMA and Polycarbonate
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Influence of different transverse positions of two fires on flame characteristics in a tunnel Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-26 Qi Xie, Wei Peng, Xiaoyong Liu, Xianhao Liu, Xue Zang, Junsheng Ren, Yan Zhang, Hui Zhuo
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A multi-GA-BPNN fusion algorithm and full-scale experimental verification for fire warning in the underground pipe gallery Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-26 Bin Sun, Zhenbiao Hu, Tong Guo
To reduce casualties and property damage, timely and accurate fire warning are extreme essential when fire breaks out in the urban underground pipe gallery. This paper aims to propose a multi-GA (Genetic algorithm)-BPNN (Back propagation neural network) fusion prediction algorithm to achieve rapid detection during the initial stage of tunnel fires. In the developed fusion prediction algorithm, genetic-algorithm
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Flammability of tropical forest litter with and without fire retardant Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-25 Hrishikesh Babasaheb Gaikwad, Amit Kumar
This work presents a comprehensive study on the flammability of typical tropical broad-leaf forest litter using bench-scale cone calorimetry. For comparison, similar tests are conducted on native pine forest litter. The tests are carried out for the litter bed densities ranging from 25 to 75 kg/m3 in standard and perforated walled sample holders. Tests are also carried out on forest litter treated
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IAFSS workshop on education 2023 – Perspectives on the need for competence in fire safety engineering Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 R.J. Bray, N. Fernandez-Anez, C. Maluk, B. Merci, Y. Wang, M. Woodrow
This letter contains opinions, statements and perspectives as expressed during a workshop on education, held on 21st October 2023 in conjunction with the 14th International Association for Fire Safety Science (IAFSS) Symposium. These resulted from a panel discussion in an interactive manner with the audience, focusing on competence in Fire Safety Engineering (FSE) as a central theme in the context
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Numerical modelling and investigation of CFS built-up stud walls in fire Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-17 Son Tung Vy, Mahen Mahendran, Anthony Ariyanayagam
Cold-formed steel (CFS) stud walls with the studs made of BC (built-up back-to-back CFS channel) and NC (built-up nested CFS channel) members are likely to be utilised in many applications in CFS building structures. However, the knowledge and understanding related to the thermal and structural behaviour of these improved CFS stud walls under fire exposure and their FRLs (fire resistance levels) are
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Clarification to 2010 paper “Study of critical velocity and backlayering length in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires”, by Li, Lei, and Ingason Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-16
Abstract not available
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Evacuation route design based on visibility for reducing evacuation delays Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-13 Yuki Akizuki
With the improvement of fire prevention technology and legislation, the number of fires has been decreasing year by year in Japan. Nevertheless, nearly half of fire-related fatalities are caused by delayed evacuation. For rapid evacuation from hazardous areas to safety, it is important to improve the visual environment of evacuation routes. The current paper describes the scientific basis for establishing
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Optimization of fire sprinkler design for uniform water flux distribution using a micro-genetic algorithm Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-03 Taehoon Kim
The fire sprinkler head design was optimized using a micro-Genetic Algorithm to produce a uniform distribution of droplet size and water flux. The optimization process consisted of two steps. The first step optimized the injection pattern at a radial distance of 0.05 m from the center of the sprinkler head to produce a uniform water flux. In the second step, the sprinkler head design which produces
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Thermal behavior and reaction to fire of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) treated with various salts and mineralization formulations Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Tom Franke, Erik Larnøy, Thomas Volkmer
Abstract not available
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Fire modelling: The success, the challenges, and the dilemma from a modeller's perspective Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-05 Jennifer X. Wen
The presentation will review the achievements of my team and the wider IAFSS community in advancing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques for modelling a wide range of fire scenarios, including physics-based sub-models for combustion, soot, and radiative heat transfer as well as robust modelling approaches for flame spread over solids, liquid fuels, and fire suppression. These will be followed
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Reduction of response time of fire detection and containment systems in compartments Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-03 G.V. Kuznetsov, R.S. Volkov, A.S. Sviridenko, P.A. Strizhak
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Human behaviour in fire: Knowledge foundation and temporal evolution Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-30 Milad Haghani, Ruggiero Lovreglio, Mary Langridge Button, Enrico Ronchi, Erica Kuligowski
Understanding human behaviour in fires (HBiF), whether in building or wildland fire contexts, is crucial for saving lives and managing evacuations. However, existing research lacks a comprehensive analysis of HBiF knowledge from both perspectives. To address this issue, we examined nearly 1900 HBiF-related research papers and their references, identifying around 6600 frequently cited references as
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A model to predict maximum tangential wind velocity in laboratory-scale fire whirls without flames in a crosswind Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-25 Masahiko Shinohara
Fire whirls cause strong wind damage in large outdoor fires such as wildland fires and urban fires. A model to predict the maximum tangential wind velocity in laboratory-scale fire whirls without flames in a crosswind is developed based on a generation mechanism and the properties of the fire whirls. The model also predicts the radii of the fire whirls and the crosswind speed when they occur. The fire
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Quantifying extended discharge rate of inert gas agents to increase hold time for protection of enclosures with openings Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-26 Xiaoqin Hu, Arjen Kraaijeveld
The application of gas-fire-suppression systems encounters a challenge that oxygen concentration tends to return to the original value in post-discharge time if open vents are present in a protected enclosure. Extending discharge becomes necessary to maintain oxygen concentration to prevent a fire resurgence in this enclosure. Until now the extended discharge rate must be evaluated individually by
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Influence of component fractions and structure characteristic on the combustion behavior of densified wood Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-29 Liang Yi, Yanzhen Zhuang, Yan Ding, Junhui Gong, Tianyang Chu, Zhengyang Wang
Densified wood (DW) is a promising structural material in high-rise timber buildings. However, fire safety issues restrict its applications. The key is to understand the influence of component fractions and dense structure on DW combustion. Here, the combustion behavior of DW is experimentally and numerically investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that DW has 29 K earlier and
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Comparative study on the inhibition effect of three inhibitors on the flame propagation of aluminum alloy dust cloud Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-27 Lei Pang, Huikang Peng, Pengfei Lv, Rilige Wu, Siheng Sun
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Large- and small-scale fire test of a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) façade system Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-25 Reidar Stølen, Tian Li, Trond Wingdahl, Anne Steen-Hansen
The number of installed photovoltaic (PV) modules has increased significantly over the last years, and using available building surfaces to generate electricity by integrating PV modules in the construction is an attractive option. Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) or other vented claddings can spread fires rapidly to large parts of a building if the fire is allowed to propagate. To investigate
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Thermal hazard analysis and fire risk assessment of rocket kerosene in oxygen-enriched environment Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-23 Zehua Yang, Wenbin Yao, Yuting Luo, Shouxiang Lu
Fire hazard of liquid fuel exposed in oxygen-rich environment is significantly greater than that in air, which should be considered in the safety risk assessment of scenarios where oxygen and fuel coexist. To reveal the effect of oxygen concentration on fuel properties and combustion characteristics of liquid fuel, a series of experiments were conducted to measure the liquid-phase component, flash
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Influences of longitudinal ventilation and two same of obstacles placed upstream and downstream of the fire source on gas temperature distribution in a tunnel Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-18 Huaxian Wan, Wenqi Gong, Man Li
In case of tunnel fire, vehicles can be blocked both upstream and downstream of the fire source. This paper presents a numerical study on influences of longitudinal ventilation and two same of obstacles placed upstream and downstream of the fire source on gas temperature distribution in a tunnel. The heat release rate, ventilation velocity and blockage ratio are varied. Results show that for a given
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The influence of experimental conditions on the mass loss for TGA in fire safety science Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-21 K. De Lannoye, C. Trettin, A. Belt, E.A. Reinecke, R. Goertz, L. Arnold
A thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) measures the mass loss of a sample as function of temperature, during a predefined heating program. The results are applied for developing reaction kinetics in fire safety science. It is assumed that the sample and the apparatus are in perfect thermal equilibrium. Therefore, the analysis ignores any apparatus or sample specific aspects. However, different experimental
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Uncertainties in the use of oxygen consumption calorimetry for heat release measurements in lithium-ion battery fires Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-19 Ola Willstrand, Mohit Pushp, Haukur Ingason, Daniel Brandell
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Is titania acting as a synergist in intumescent fire retardant coatings designed for improving reaction to fire of wood? Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-13 Iben Hansen-Bruhn, Melissa Jane Marks, Mogens Hinge
Intumescent coatings based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP), are widely applied as passive fire protection. For flammable materials like wood, a rapid char expansion is needed to limit fuel gas release to the combustion zone and minimize reaction to fire. It is generally accepted that titanium dioxide (TiO2) improves the fire performance of coatings and acts as a synergist. This study discusses the
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An analysis of cooking fire injuries 2011 to 2022 in Merseyside UK Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-12 M. Taylor, J. Fielding, H. Francis, D. Reilly
In England, cooking fires are the most common type of accidental dwelling fire. In this article we examine cooking fire injuries over the period 2011 to 2022 in Merseyside in the North West region of England. Cooking fire injuries occurred at all times of day, however mainly such injuries occurred during evening meal time. Almost 30% of cooking fire injuries occurred overnight (between 10:00 p.m. and
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A comparison of fire injuries during and pre-COVID-19 restrictions Fire Saf. J. (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-13 H. Francis, M. Taylor, J. Fielding, G. Oakford, D. Appleton
In this article we compare accidental dwelling fire injuries in Merseyside in the North West of England during (April 2020 to April 2021) and before (April 2019 to April 2020) COVID-19 restrictions. Overall, the number of accidental dwelling fire injuries, and the percentage of accidental dwelling fires resulting in injury had shown a slightly larger decrease during COVID-19 restrictions in Merseyside