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INFLUENCE OF POLAR MODIFIERS ON THE ANIONIC SOLUTION 1,3-BUTADIENE POLYMERIZATIONS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Mateus K. Vasconcelos, Lys H. R. Mangia, Jessica B. Alves, Juliana Fidalgo, Maxmiliano Tatagiba, Luis F. Nicolini, Frederico W. Gomes, José Carlos Pinto
This work addresses the critical technological challenge of producing butadiene-based synthetic rubbers with the required skid resistance through anionic polymerizations at positive temperatures. The effects of adding different polar modifiers—bis[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl] ether (BDMAE), ditetrahydrofurylpropane, tetramethylethylenediamine, sodium stearate, sodium palmitate, and sodium tert-amilate—into
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INFLUENCE OF THE MIXTURE VISCOSITY ON MECHANICAL ANISOTROPY AND PROCESSABILITY OF AN NBR-BASED RUBBER MIXTURE FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Lion Sundermann, Benjamin Klie, Heike Wittek, Thomas Ebel, Kathrin Ottink, Ulrich Giese
Rubber-based polymers with high carbon black content can be three-dimensionally (3D) printed using the additive manufacturing of elastomers process. However, high-viscosity materials limit printing resolution, making it difficult to produce fine structures and high-precision parts, especially two-component (2K) parts. The viscosity of a rubber compound used for rod seal applications was reduced and
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LOW TEMPERATURE SEALING BEHAVIOR EVALUATION OF ELASTOMERS IN AIRCRAFT HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Siqi Wu, Fengliang Xiao, Qing Chen, Yongtang Liu, Baochun Guo
The low temperature sealing behaviors of five elastomer components used in aircraft hydraulic sealing systems were evaluated through a series of tests subsequent to exposure at 135 °C for a maximum of 28 days in air or hydraulic oil. These assessments encompassed standard material tests such as glass transition temperature (Tg), temperature retraction at 10% shrinkage, mechanical test, and compression
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NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TSCHOEGL–CHANG–BLOCH NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE LAW FOR UNVULCANIZED CARBON BLACK–FILLED RUBBERS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Mahmoud C. Assaad
Rubber engineering design analysis requires a fundamental understanding of the mechanical behavior of polymers, especially in their unvulcanized state. It necessitates the establishment of a three-dimensional constitutive material to account for the observed mechanical behavior. This law is required to produce realistic descriptions of the viscoelastic performance in a mathematically simple form that
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VULCANIZATION OF STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER WITH THE USE OF POLYSULFIDE SULFUR DONORS OF CONTROLLED STRUCTURE Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Jakub Wręczycki, Dariusz M. Bieliński, Tomasz Gozdek, Grzegorz Mlostoń
The sulfide polymers of variable and controlled sulfur content, obtained by anionic copolymerization of elemental sulfur and thiiranes (styrene sulfide and cyclohexene sulfide), were applied as curatives (sulfur donors) in the vulcanization process of styrene–butadiene rubber. The activity of polysulfides as curatives was investigated based on rheometric measurements of the vulcanization process and
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DATA-DRIVEN IDENTIFICATION OF HYPERELASTIC MODELS BY MEASURING THE STRAIN ENERGY DENSITY FIELD Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-30 Léna Costecalde, Adrien Leygue, Michel Coret, Erwan Verron
A novel method for accurately identifying the large strain elastic response of elastomeric materials is presented. The method combines the data-driven identification (DDI) algorithm with a unique heterogeneous experiment, deviating from the conventional approach of conducting multiple simple experiments. The primary objective of the method is to decouple the experimental process from the fitting technique
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ANALYSIS OF CORD–RUBBER COMPOSITE RESPONSE BY USING THE NONLINEAR CONTINUUM DAMAGE MECHANICS APPROACH Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-30 Mahmoud Assaad, Ming Du, Tom Ebbott
The phenomenon of damage observed in cord–rubber composite laminates is the result of deformation, heat, chemical damage, and fracture. The micro cracks and the initial voids, present before any load is applied, grow through the mechanism of coalescence and generate permanent macroscopic cracks. A damage approach is proposed to describe the cumulative effects and damage evolution under cyclic loading
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QUASI-STATIC BENDING FATIGUE OF CARBON CORD–RUBBER COMPOSITES USED IN TIMING BELTS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-30 Yinping Tao, Ryuichi Tashiro, Shigeki Yonezawa, Christopher A. Stevens, Emiliano Bilotti, James J. C. Busfield
Cord–rubber composites such as timing belts are subjected to coupled tension and bending under typical service conditions. Due to their increased modulus, carbon cords are replacing traditional glass cords as reinforcing materials in timing belt products. The bending fatigue behavior of carbon cord–reinforced hydrogenated butadiene rubber (CC-HNBR) composites is of increasing interest for both understanding
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INVESTIGATING THE DEPENDENCE OF ELASTOMERIC FRACTURE ON TEMPERATURE AND RATE Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-30 Shi-Qing Wang, Zehao Fan
Decades of elastomeric fracture phenomenology resulting from the work of Thomas and Smith demonstrated the remarkable fact that rubbers are stronger and tougher at lower temperatures. The prevailing explanation relates the fracture behavior to polymer viscoelasticity. Given the recent insight and evidence that toughness is influenced by material strength, we examine elastomeric fracture with a different
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CHARACTERIZATION OF STICKY DEBRIS GENERATED DURING SMEAR WEAR Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-30 Guangchang Wu, Paul Sotta, Menglong Huang, Lewis B. Tunnicliffe, James J. C. Busfield
Smear wear behavior has often been observed during rubber abrasion, especially under mild test severities. It generates degraded sticky rubber debris that often produces erratic measurements of abrasion weight loss. Various practical methods to avoid or remove the debris from the abrasion test surface have been reported, such as applying a drying powder lubricant. However, the detailed mechanism of
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A FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CYCLIC TETRASULFIDE AS A SULFUR DONOR AND CO-AGENT FOR RUBBER CROSSLINKING Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-30 Gina Butuc, Jose Swart, Marcel Simons, Jan van Velde, Kees van Leerdam, Brenda Rossenaar, Auke Talma, Anke Blume
Sulfur donors are used commonly in rubber crosslinking, usually in conjunction with elemental sulfur. In the crosslinking process, sulfur donors release in situ free sulfur. The difference between two sulfur donors, bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide (TESPT) and cyclic tetrasulfide (CTS), both of which contain at least one tetrasulfidic group in the molecule, is analyzed. Chemical model studies
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BROADBAND DIELECTRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON BLACK–REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-30 Menglong Huang, Lewis B. Tunnicliffe, Shibai Liao, Bin Yang, Haixue Yan, James J. C. Busfield
Natural rubber compounds reinforced with two different carbon blacks (N134 and N330) at various concentrations were characterized using very broadband dielectric spectroscopy from around 0.1 Hz to 0.3 THz using four different impedance and network analysis technologies. Percolation behavior was observed when the testing electrical frequency was below a certain range, which can be linked to the presence
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EFFECT OF MOLECULAR ENVIRONMENT ON PROTEIN RUBBER PROPERTIES Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2023-04-21 Natasha Chauhan, Justin R. Barone
Many natural organisms use “protein rubbers” to store and release an imposed strain energy with high efficiency to make motion easier. Protein rubbers exist in a complicated environment surrounded by water and other molecules such as sugars, implying that amino acid composition and its environment are important in protein rubber behavior. Gelatin, the hydrolysis product of animal collagen, is hydrated
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DYNAMIC REVERSIBLE NETWORKS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-HEALING RUBBERS: A CRITICAL REVIEW Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2023-03-08 Subhradeep Mandal, Amit Das, Eric Euchler, Sven Wiessner, Gert Heinrich, Jun Sawada, Ryoji Matsui, Takayuki Nagase, Toshio Tada
An intensive literature search shows that research in the field of self-healing rubbers is still in its infancy. By analyzing the various reviews and reports available, most of the results prove to be complicated; however, a few studies show promising self-healing properties of new elastomers. Most of these materials were prepared by relatively sophisticated chemical syntheses. Many of the studies
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UNDERSTANDING RECOVERED CARBON BLACK Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2023-03-07 C. J. Norris, A. López Cerdán, P. ter Haar
As the rubber industry turns its focus to sustainability, recovered carbon black (rCB) has emerged as a commercial candidate to replace conventional fossil-based fillers. Since rCB is a new class of rubber filler, much is still to be understood regarding which of its properties influence final applications performance. The research presented in this paper demonstrates the importance of controlling
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QUANTIFYING SULFUR DISPERSION USING POPULATION SURVIVAL ANALYSIS OF TENSILE STRENGTH Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2023-03-07 Dominica H. C. Wong, Frederick Ignatz-Hoover, Ashley Childress, Grayson L. Jackson, Amrish Padmakumar
High-performance rubber compounds require good dispersion of polymers, fillers, and other additives. However, fine powdery additives such as zinc oxide and insoluble sulfur (IS) are characteristically difficult to disperse, and poor dispersion may lead to large crosslink and modulus gradients in the final vulcanizate. IS dispersion can be assessed directly or indirectly, yet many techniques suffer
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APPROACHING SUSTAINABILITY: NANOCELLULOSE REINFORCED ELASTOMERS—A REVIEW Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-11-16 Milanta Tom, Sabu Thomas, Bastien Seantier, Yves Grohens, P. K. Mohamed, Józef T. Haponiuk, Jaehwan Kim
Awareness of the environmental implications of conventional reinforcing fillers and the urge to reduce the carbon footprint have lead researchers to focus more on natural and sustainable materials. Nanocellulose from multitudinous sources finds use in elastomer engineering because of its distinctive properties, such as renewability, sustainability, abundance, biodegradability, high aspect ratio, excellent
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QUEST FOR SUSTAINABLE CURATIVES FOR CHLOROPRENE RUBBER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-11-07 Mousumi De Sarkar, Nobuhiko Fujii, Yasushi Abe, Yasuhiro Kamba, Takashi Sunada
Chloroprene rubber (CR) is one of the most versatile synthetic rubbers suitable for numerous industrial applications. For years, zinc oxide (ZnO) has been satisfactorily used as the vulcanization activator for CR, typically with organic accelerator(s). Ethylene thiourea (ETU) is the most widely used accelerator, offering the best balance between cost and performance in CR vulcanizates. Recently, the
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DOPO-BASED FLAME RETARDANT: PREPARATION AND ITS APPLICATION IN SILICONE RUBBER BLENDS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-11-07 Xu Mengyang, Liu Cheng, Wang Jincheng
In this study, a phosphorus-containing flame retardant, polybis(4-hydroxypheyl)-2-(6-oxo-6-H-dibenzodibenzo [c,e][1,2] oxaphosphino-6-yl) methylene succinate (PHDO) was prepared by melt condensation between (6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-ylmethyl)-p-oxide-butanedioic acid (DDP) and 1,4-benzene dimethanol (PXG). Then, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and hydrogen nuclear magnetic
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ACCELERATED HEAT AGING OF BUTYL AND BROMOBUTYL AIRCRAFT INNER TUBES FOR SHELF LIFE DETERMINATION Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-11-07 Gabriel Germain, Nanquin Li, Richard J. Pazur
Butyl and bromobutyl inner tubes, specified by the Aerospace Standard AS50141 for military aircraft, were thermally aged from 40 to 120 °C for varying lengths of time and then their hardness and mechanical properties were measured. 1H double quantum nuclear magnetic resonance (DQ NMR) was used to elucidate crosslink density and distribution changes. Time–temperature superposition of the aged data coupled
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DIFFERENT APPROACH TO THE MECHANISM OF ADHESION OF SURFACE TREATED WITH TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID SOLUTION RUBBER AND POLYURETHANE ADHESIVE JOINTS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-11-02 Verónica Pascual-Sánchez, José Miguel Martín-Martínez
Although the effects produced by the surface treatment of rubber with organic solvent solutions of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) leading to improved adhesion to polyurethane (PU) adhesive have been established, the mechanism of adhesion involved is still unclear. In this study, the reaction of TCI species on the rubber surface with the PU adhesive leading to the formation of chemical bonds was proposed
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ADHESION AND HYSTERETIC FRICTION OF TIRE TREAD RUBBERS HAVING PROCESS OILS WITH DIFFERENT AROMATIC CONTENT Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-09-29 Iman Abbasi Shahdehi, Mohammad Alimardani, Mehdi Razzaghi-Kashani, Hossein Roshanaei
The extent of modification of wet grip of tire tread rubber by safe aromatic process oils has been the subject of controversy, as this property has conventionally been judged by indirect methods such as the loss factor at 0 °C. The present work aims to directly measure the dry and wet frictional behavior of rubbers containing various loadings of distillate aromatic extract (DAE) or treated distillate
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INVESTIGATION OF THE NONLINEAR DYNAMIC STIFFNESS OF ROLLING-LOBE AIR SPRINGS CONSIDERING RUBBER PAYNE EFFECT Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-09-08 Mingyu Wu, Shiwei Wang, Hao Tong, Jing Wang, Hang Yin, Wenbo Zheng, Yao Li, Zhen Yu, Yintao Wei
A nonlinear dynamic stiffness model of rolling-lobe air spring considering the Payne effect of the rubber diaphragm and the thermodynamic equivalent damping is proposed, with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for air spring structure design. A physical explanation and mathematical expression of each decoupled contribution term are given from the two dimensions of amplitude and frequency. An indicator
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EFFECTS OF EVEN FUNCTIONAL GROUP DISTRIBUTION IN EMULSION STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER PREPARED BY REVERSIBLE ADDITION–FRAGMENTATION CHAIN TRANSFER POLYMERIZATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF SILICA-FILLED COMPOUNDS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-08-26 Sanghoon Song, Kiwon Hwang, Donghyuk Kim, Gyeongchan Ryu, Byungkyu Ahn, Heung Bae Jeon, Sungwook Chung, Wonho Kim
Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the development of new functionalized polymers to improve the fuel efficiency of vehicles by reducing the rolling resistance of tires to adhere to strict CO2 emission regulations. Accordingly, multifunctionalized (MF) reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion styrene–butadiene rubbers (ESBR) were synthesized, in which chain-end
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VULCANIZATION FOR REINFORCEMENT OF RUBBER Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-11 Y. Ikeda,K. Miyaji,T. Ohashi,T. Nakajima,P. Junkong
ABSTRACT Sulfur cross-linking reagents play critical roles not only in cross-linking rubber chains but also in controlling network morphology for reinforcement of rubber. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is clearly discovered as the main component for both roles. Especially, the importance of network inhomogeneity, which is significantly governed by the dispersion of ZnO particles, is emphasized for reinforcing rubber
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ELECTROMAGNETIC ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF MANGANESE–ZINC FERRITE AND MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBE–FILLED COMPOSITES BASED ON NBR Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-02-23 Ján Kruželák,Andrea Kvasničáková,Klaudia Hložeková,Michaela Džuganová,Jana Gregorová,Jarmila Vilčáková,Marek Gořalík,Ján Hronkovič,Jozef Preťo,Ivan Hudec
ABSTRACT Composites based on acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber, carbon nanotubes, and manganese–zinc ferrite were fabricated and tested for electromagnetic interference (EMI) absorption shielding. First, carbon nanotubes and ferrite were solely used for the preparation of rubber composites. Then, carbon nanotubes were combined with magnetic filler and incorporated into the rubber matrix. The results revealed
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METHOD TO GENERATE ACCURATE ELASTIC AND HYPERELASTIC UNIAXIAL TENSION STRESS–STRAIN DATA WITHOUT AN EXTENSOMETER Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-02-04 Travis W. Hohenberger,James J. C. Busfield
ABSTRACT Uniaxial tension tests on dumbbells are routinely used to determine the stress–strain response of engineering materials. The simplest way to calculate strain is from grip displacement during extension, but this introduces significant error when dumbbells are gripped at the wider end sections to avoid the sample breaking prematurely in the grips. Mechanical and optical extensometers alleviate
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STRAIN RATE–DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF UNCURED RUBBER: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND CONSTITUTIVE MODELING Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-01-04 Sanghyeub Kim,Thomas Berger,Michael Kaliske
ABSTRACT The strain rate dependence of uncured rubber is investigated through a series of tensile tests (monotonic, multistep relaxation, cyclic creep tests) at different strain rates. In addition, loading/unloading tests in which the strain rate is varied every cycle are carried out to observe their dependence on the deformation history. A strain rate–dependent viscoelastic–viscoplastic constitutive
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FOAMING AND MOISTURE CROSSLINKING OF VINYL TRIETHOXY SILANE GRAFTED ETHYLENE–PROPYLENE–DIENE TERPOLYMER Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Zhengwei Lin,Qinghong Zhang,Gongliang Wang,Jie Mao,Martin Hoch,Xinyan Shi
ABSTRACT Moisture crosslinking of polyolefins has attracted increasing attention because of its high efficiency, low cost, and easy processing. However, the crucial shortcoming of moisture crosslinking is that the side reaction of peroxide scorch (precrosslinking) simultaneously occurs in silane grafting. It has been recognized that making peroxide precrosslinking useful is an effective way to broaden
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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SPECIALTY NATURAL RUBBER LATEX CONCENTRATE Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Roslim Ramli,Ai Bao Chai,Jee Hou Ho,Shamsul Kamaruddin,Fatimah Rubaizah Mohd Rasdi,Davide S. A. De Focatiis
ABSTRACT Conventionally, specialty natural rubber (SpNR) latex, namely, deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) latex and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) latex, are prepared from low ammonia latex (LATZ) causing high material cost. To address this issue, the objective of this study is to prepare SpNR latex directly from freshly tapped NR latex. In this work, DPNR latex is prepared via a heat enzymatic
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SPECIALTY NATURAL RUBBER LATEX FOAM: FOAMABILITY STUDY AND FABRICATION PROCESS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-27 Roslim Ramli,Ai Bao Chai,Jee Hou Ho,Shamsul Kamaruddin,Fatimah Rubaizah Mohd Rasdi,Davide S. A. De Focatiis
ABSTRACT Specialty natural rubber (SpNR) latex, namely, deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) latex and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) latex, has been produced to meet specific product's requirements. However, SpNR is normally used in the form of block rubber to manufacture dry rubber products such as tires and automotive parts. The applications of SpNR latex into latex foam products will be diversified
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NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER AND CHEMICAL REACTION COUPLING IN THE RUBBER SEAL VULCANIZATION PROCESS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-27 Zhaoxiang Zhang,Xiaohong Jia,Fei Guo,Xing Huang,Yuming Wang
ABSTRACT Vulcanization parameters significantly affect the performance of rubber seals and the energy savings of the manufacturing process, which require a relationship between process parameters and vulcanization characteristics. Based on the vulcanization kinetics of rubber seal materials, a transient thermochemical-coupled finite-element model of the vulcanization process was established and solved
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CHANGES IN THE MECHANICAL, MICRO-, AND NANO-STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED VULCANIZED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS: THEIR DEPENDENCE ON THE SiO2/CB RATIO Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-11-17 Angel J. Marzocca,Ana L. Rodríguez Garraza,Sebastián Anbinder,Carlos Macchi,Alberto Somoza
ABSTRACT A systematic study on the influence of fillers on the structural properties at micro and nanoscale of vulcanized compounds based on a natural rubber matrix reinforced with silica and/or carbon black is presented. Several compounds with different SiO2/CB ratios (1.5/1, 2.25/1, and 3/1) and total filler contents (55, 60, and 65 phr) were prepared and vulcanized at 150 °C. The experimental techniques
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ASSESSMENT OF A NEW ISOTROPIC HYPERELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR A RANGE OF RUBBERLIKE MATERIALS AND DEFORMATIONS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-11-15 Afshin Anssari-Benam,Andrea Bucchi,Cornelius O. Horgan,Giuseppe Saccomandi
ABSTRACT The choice of an appropriate strain energy function W is key to accurate modeling and computational finite element analysis of the mechanical behavior of unfilled non-crystalizing rubberlike materials. Despite the existing variety of models, finding a suitable model that can capture many deformation modes of a rubber specimen with a single set of parameter values and satisfy the a priori mathematical
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ISSUES WITH APPROACHES FOR SIMULATING AGING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CABLE MATERIALS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-11-10 Kenneth T. Gillen,Mathew C. Celina
ABSTRACT Over the past 20 y, the International Electrotechnical Commission and the International Atomic Energy Agency have published several Technical Documents describing recommended methods for carrying out accelerated radiation plus temperature aging of cable materials in nuclear power plants. These methods include the power law method, the time-dependent model, the dose to equivalent damage approach
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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE SHEETS DECORATED WITH CARBON BLACK BY DIRECT PYROLYSIS OF A MOLASSES–CARBON BLACK MIXTURE AS A POTENTIAL VERSATILE FILLER FOR RUBBER Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-21 Amrita Roy,Saptarshi Kar,Ranjan Ghosal,Rabindra Mukhopadhyay,Kinsuk Naskar,Anil K. Bhowmick
ABSTRACT A mixture of molasses and carbon black was pyrolyzed in an inert atmosphere, which resulted in graphene of high quality, comprising of three to four layers on average with carbon black particles distributed over the graphene sheets. Molasses is the viscous dark colored slurry which is obtained at the last stage of refinement of sugar from sugarcane, in which sucrose is present as the major
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ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING AND VULCANIZATION OF CARBON BLACK–FILLED NATURAL RUBBER–BASED COMPONENTS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-15 Sebastian Leineweber,Lion Sundermann,Lars Bindszus,Ludger Overmeyer,Benjamin Klie,Heike Wittek,Ulrich Giese
ABSTRACT Additive manufacturing of thermoplastics or metals is a well-approved sustainable process for obtaining rapidly precise and individual technical components. Except for crosslinked silicone rubber or thermoplastic elastomers, there is no method of additive manufacturing of elastomers. Based on the development of the additive manufacturing of elastomers (AME) process, the material group of rubber-based
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ADVANCES IN TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS OF RUBBER SURFACE GRAFTING MODIFICATION Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-15 Xiaolong Lu,Shuwei Cai,Ben Niu,Xian Li,Qin He,Xianru He
ABSTRACT To meet the requirement in the application of medical devices, composites, biomaterials, corrosion resistance, and selective adsorptions, rubber surface modification is usually indispensable. Grafting treatment is one of most significate treatment methods. In this paper, we focus on rubber surface grafting modification, including grafting techniques and applications. Different grafting methods—including
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ENTIRE-REGION CONSTITUTIVE RELATION FOR TRELOAR'S DATA Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-15 L. Han,X. F. Peng,L. X. Li
ABSTRACT Hyperelastic materials can experience a large deformation process. A constitutive relation suitable for an entire region from small, moderate, to large deformations is of great importance for practical applications such as fracture problems. Treloar's data are first investigated, and the tension curve is divided into three regimes: small-to-moderate regime, strain-hardening regime, and limiting-chain
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BROMINATION OF NATURAL RUBBER WITH N-BROMOSUCCINIMIDE Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Nuorn Choothong,Seiichi Kawahara
ABSTRACT The mechanism of bromination of natural rubber (NR) was studied by solution-state 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The bromination of NR was carried out at 20–50 °C with N-bromosuccinimide as the brominating agent, and the kinetic study of bromination was conducted under nitrogen atmosphere at 30–50 °C for various reaction times. The influence of bromine atom substituent on the bromination rate constant
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EFFECT OF OXYGENATED COMPOUNDS ON 1,3-BUTADIENE POLYMERIZATIONS PERFORMED WITH NEODYMIUM VERSATATE. PART I: ALCOHOLS, ALDEHYDES, KETONES, AND WATER Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-09-27 Luciana Dutra,Mateus Vasconcelos,Anderson Cazumba,Maria Clara Scaldaferri,Márcio Henrique Dos Santos Andrade,José Carlos Pinto
ABSTRACT 1,3-butadiene (1,3-BD) is a building block produced mainly as a byproduct of the ethylene steam cracking process. However, due to the growing interest in sustainable technologies, there is also growing interest in manufacturing 1,3-BD from ethanol. For this reason, taking into account that the ethanol-derived 1,3-BD can contain oxygenated contaminants that are difficult to remove, the present
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CRACK PROPAGATION BEHAVIOR OF LATERALLY CONSTRAINED POLYMERS USED AS DIELECTRIC ELASTOMERS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-28 Dilshad Ahmad, Karali Patra, Mokarram Hossain, Amit Kumar
Dielectric elastomer-based transducers are rapidly gaining importance with the syntheses of new polymers that can potentially be used as dielectric materials. However, these materials are always prone to fracture in the presence of cracks and flaws. Failures originate from flaws (or notches), and a complete fracture may take place due to the propagation of cracks. The present work investigates the
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EFFECT OF CELLULOSE FIBER SURFACE TREATMENT TO REPLACE CARBON BLACK IN NATURAL RUBBER HYBRID COMPOSITES Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-09-07 Hossein Kazemi,Frej Mighri,Keun Wan Park,Slim Frikha,Denis Rodrigue
ABSTRACT In recent years, cellulose fibers have attracted considerable attention as biofillers for natural rubber (NR) composites. However, neat cellulose cannot be used as a substitute for conventional fillers due to its poor compatibility with NR. Therefore, a new surface treatment via maleic anhydride grafted to polyisoprene (MAPI) in solution was developed to improve the filler–matrix interaction
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ESTIMATION OF MECHANICAL LOAD ON RUBBER MIXING ROTORS BY USING A PARTIALLY FILLED FLOW SIMULATION IN CHAMBER Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-09-03 Kazuhisa Fukutani,Kousuke Higashi,Hodaka Miura,Yasuaki Yamane
ABSTRACT Mixing characteristics and mechanical loads of rubber-mixing rotors are considered to be the two most important factors in actual rotor design. For the design of highly reliable production mixers, there is a great need for a proper estimation method of mechanical load, such as radial force or rotation torque of the rotors. The mechanical load of tangential mixing rotors and surrounding flow
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LIQUID POLYBUTADIENE EXTENDED ESBR/SILICA WET-MASTERBATCH COMPOSITES FOR IMPROVING ABRASION RESISTANCE AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-29 Woong Kim,Iz Muhammet,Donghyuk Kim,Il Jin Kim,Jong-Yeop Lee,Wonho Kim
ABSTRACT Silica wet-masterbatch (WMB) is a well-known technique for manufacturing high-content, highly dispersed silica-filled compounds. Emulsion styrene–butadiene rubber (ESBR)/silica WMB offers several advantages, including excellent silica dispersion and reduced hysteresis, as compared with conventional dry masterbatch (DMB) compound. However, because of the residual emulsifiers in ESBR latex,
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EFFECT OF EMULSION SBR PREPARED BY ASYMMETRIC REVERSIBLE ADDITION-FRAGMENTATION TRANSFER AGENT ON PROPERTIES OF SILICA-FILLED COMPOUNDS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-21 Kiwon Hwang, Sanghoon Song, Yu yeong Kang, JaeKon Suh, Heung Bae Jeon, GwangHoon Kwag, Hyun-Jong Paik, Wonho Kim
The development of ultra-high-performance tires that satisfy fuel efficiency, traction, handling performance, and abrasion resistance has gained significant importance in the tire industry. Solution SBR has been used as a raw material, owing to its useful characteristics (e.g., narrow dispersity controllable microstructure and chain-end functionalization). In a recent improvement, emulsion SBR (ESBR)
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EFFECTS OF GRAFTED VINYL TRIETHOXY SILANE ON MOISTURE CROSSLINKED EPDM Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-19 Zhengwei Lin, Haotian Zhao, Yanlu Chen, Jie Mao, Martin Hoch, Xinyan Shi
An EPDM terpolymer grafted with silane vinyl triethoxysilane (EPDM-g-VTES) was prepared by melt grafting, with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as an initiator. Next, dibutyl tin dilaurate was added as a catalyst to promote moisture crosslinking of EPDM-g-VTES. By means of the rheological response of the rubber compound, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and moving die rheometer, the VTES graft ratio
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WASTE MORINGA OLEIFERA GUM AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVE FOR UNFILLED SBR COMPOUND Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-05-03 Riya Koley, Rajkumar Kasilingam, Suchismita Sahoo, Santanu Chattopadhyay, Anil K. Bhowmick
A natural waste (gum) of the drumstick tree, Moringa oleifera, was used for the first time as a sustainable multifunctional additive in an SBR compound. Improved cure rate with lower optimum cure time was obtained by using the gum as an accelerator activator. Tack strength of the M. oleifera gum–SBR compound was superior to both the control and the compound containing commercial phenol–formaldehyde
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RECYCLING BEHAVIOR OF THERMOREVERSIBLY DIELS–ALDER CROSSLINKED EPM Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-04-16 Alexander T. Zdvizhkov, Martin Van Duin, Francesco Picchioni
The recyclability of thermoreversibly Diels–Alder (DA) crosslinked EPM has been studied. The retro DA reaction dominates over the dehydration–aromatization process of the DA adduct. Moreover, a negative influence of air occurred as a result of a crosslinking in air flow. Nevertheless, rubber compounds prepared from EPM-g-furan and carbon black can be recycled several times without losing mechanical
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THIXOTROPIC FLOCCULATION EFFECTS IN CARBON BLACK–REINFORCED RUBBER: KINETICS AND THERMAL ACTIVATION Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-05-10 Lewis B. Tunnicliffe
A new rheological methodology is used to quantify the kinetics and thermal activation of thixotropic recovery (flocculation) of uncrosslinked carbon black–reinforced emulsion SBR following high shears and over a range of annealing temperatures. A wide range of carbon black types are examined to determine the influence of aggregate morphology and surface area on compound flocculation. Several kinetic
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MACRO- AND MICRO-DISPERSION OF SILICA IN TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS: ARE THEY RELATED? Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-04-27 J. Jin, W. Kaewsakul, J. W. M. Noordermeer, W. K. Dierkes, A. Blume
The dispersion of rubber fillers, such as silica, can be divided into two categories: macro- and micro-dispersion. Both dispersions are important; however, to achieve the best reinforcement of rubber, micro-dispersion of silica is crucial. The common view is that these filler dispersions are strongly related. The micro-dispersion is understood as the consequence of the continuous breakdown of filler
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MODIFICATION OF POLYBUTADIENE RUBBER: A REVIEW Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-06-22 Parashiva Prabhu C., Subhra Mohanty, Virendra Kumar Gupta
Developments in modification of polybutadiene rubber (PBR) using various reagents and catalysts have been reviewed. Hydrogenation and functionalization occurring at the site of unsaturation along chain length are discussed. Hydrogenation involving various metal catalyzed processes is discussed. Suitable conditions that are effective during hydrogenation and functionalization are mentioned in this article
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EMERGING ADVANCES IN RUBBER TECHNOLOGY BY THE SUITABLE APPLICATION OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-06-15 Kumarjyoti Roy, Subhas Chandra Debnath, Debdipta Basu, Aphiwat Pongwisuthiruchte, Pranut Potiyaraj
In recent years, the application of sol-gel science to industrial polymer research has offered advancements in rubber technology. The use of sol-gel–synthesized materials for the development of highly reinforced rubber composites is the most commonly adopted and popular method exercised by rubber scientists. This article comprehensively reviews the recent progress regarding preparation and properties
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SULFUR DISPERSION QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS IN ELASTOMERIC TIRE FORMULATIONS BY USING HIGH RESOLUTION X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-06-15 Dayakar Penumadu, Jun-Cheng Chin, Stephen Young, Frederick Ignatz-Hoover, Tom Floyd, Peter Chapman
Good dispersion of compounded ingredients in a rubber formulation is important for mechanical performance. After mixing, certain materials can remain undispersed within the rubber matrix, which could lead to critical flaws, influencing performance according to the Griffith failure criteria. High resolution X-ray computed tomography (XCT) offers a unique opportunity to measure phase domain size and
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CHARACTERIZING THE HYDROGEN TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF RUBBERY POLYMERS BY GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-06-15 Jae Kap Jung, In Gyoo Kim, Sang Koo Jeon, Ki Soo Chung
We develop an ex situ technique to quantitatively analyze the transport properties of hydrogen gas dissolved under high pressure in rubbery polymers, such as cylindrical and spherical samples of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and fluoroelastomer (FKM), which are potential sealing materials for hydrogen energy infrastructures. The technique consists of real-time
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ORIGIN OF ENERGETIC ELASTICITY AND ENTROPIC ELASTICITY OF NATURAL RUBBER WITH NANODIAMOND NANOMATRIX STRUCTURE Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-06-15 Asangi Gannoruwa, Yuanbing Zhou, Kenichiro Kosugi, Yoshimasa Yamamoto, Seiichi Kawahara
The origin of energetic elasticity in conjunction with the entropic elasticity for natural rubber with a nanodiamond nanomatrix structure was investigated in terms of bound rubber formed between nanodiamonds, based on the interaction between natural rubber and nanodiamonds inside the nanomatrix. The natural rubber with a nanodiamond nanomatrix structure was prepared by reacting nanodiamonds with deproteinized
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PROTEIN INFLUENCE ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NR Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-06-09 Yayoi Akahori, Misao Hiza, Soki Yamaguchi, Seiichi Kawahara
Effect of protein on vulcanization of NR, obtained from Hevea brasiliensis, was investigated by analyzing the crosslinking structure of the resulting vulcanizates prepared from untreated NR, deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR), and protein-free natural rubber (PFNR) by swelling methods and rubber-state NMR spectroscopy. The proteins present in NR were removed by three methods: deproteinization with
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POTENTIAL SUSTAINABLE ANTIOXIDANTS FOR NATURAL RUBBER: HENNA AND ITS MAJOR COMPONENTS Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-06-09 Şehriban Öncel, Abdulmounem Alchekh Wis, Bağdagül Karaağaç
Unsaturated chain structure of natural rubber makes it a poor defense against thermo-oxidative aging. Synthetic antioxidants are commonly used in rubber compound recipes to prevent/retard aging of the rubber material during its service life. However, synthetic antioxidants cause some negative effects on human and environmental health; they tend to be replaced by natural alternatives. In this study
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METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORK: A SMART REPLACEMENT FOR CONVENTIONAL NANOFILLERS FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND THERMAL STABILITY OF SBR NANOCOMPOSITE Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-06-04 Jessy Joseph, T. K. Sreethu, Subhra Mohanty, Virendra Kumar Gupta, Anil K. Bhowmick
To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, metal-organic framework (MOF), a porous reticular structure, has been tried as a reinforcing filler for rubber. A MOF synthesized by solvothermal reaction between 2-aminoterephthalic acid and aluminum chloride hexahydrate was characterized and incorporated as reinforcing filler in SBR. A comparative investigation on the properties of the well-dispersed
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SYNERGISTIC MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL NR–NBR ELASTOMER BLEND WITH ELECTROLYTIC IRON PARTICLES Rubber Chem. Technol. (IF 1.5) Pub Date : 2021-05-25 Md Najib Alam, Vineet Kumar, Sang-Ryeoul Ryu, Tae Jo Ko, Dong-Joo Lee, Jungwook Choi
This article presents the development of a new kind of magnetorheological elastomer blend made with natural rubber, acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NR-NBR), and electrolytic iron particles through solution mixing. The compressive stress and elastic modulus of the composites in the isotropic and anisotropic states of the filler were studied. A unique study of the filler distribution and filler orientation