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Green Analytical Toxicology procedure for determination of ketamine, its metabolites and analogues in oral fluid samples using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-19 Juliana Ribeiro Ibiapina Leitão Oliveira, Leonardo Costalonga Rodrigues, Júlia Martinelli Magalhães Kahl, Débora Zorrón Berlinck, Jose Luiz Costa
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are often synthesized via small changes in the molecular structure, producing drugs whose effect and potency are not yet fully known. Ketamine is one of the oldest NPS, with therapeutic use in human and veterinary medicine authorized in several countries, being metabolized mainly into norketamine and 6-hydroxy-norketamine. Furthermore, two structural analogues of ketamine
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False-positive MDA findings in HRMS-based screening of putrefied postmortem blood samples—Identification of the interference as N-acetyltyramine J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-19 Viviane C Stammer, Dirk K Wissenbach, Frank T Peters
An unidentified compound in putrefied postmortem blood samples showed identical accurate mass and chromatographic behavior as 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and led to false-positive preliminary screening results. The aim of the study was to identify this unknown interference. Postmortem blood samples were analyzed after protein precipitation on a QExactive Focus high-resolution mass spectrometer
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Atypical postmortem redistribution in chronic methadone consumers J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-16 Béatrice Garneau, Cynthia Roy, Julie Motard, Brigitte Desharnais, Corinne Bouchard, Pascal Mireault
Available literature demonstrates that methadone is prone to moderate postmortem redistribution, but subject to high interindividual variability in the central to peripheral blood concentration ratios (C/P). In this case series, 10 cases of chronic methadone users displaying C/P < 1 (range 0.26–0.82) are described. Femoral, cardiac and ante-mortem blood concentrations of methadone and its metabolite
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Identification of clobromazolam in Australian emergency department intoxications using data-independent high-resolution mass spectrometry and the HighResNPS.com database J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-09 Jared W Castle, Rebekka Syrjanen, Matthew Di Rago, Jennifer L Schumann, Shaun L Greene, Linda L Glowacki, Dimitri Gerostamoulos
The proliferation of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) continues to challenge toxicology laboratories. In particular, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime considers designer benzodiazepines to be a current primary threat among all NPSs. Herein, we report detection of a new emerging designer benzodiazepine, clobromazolam, using high-resolution mass spectrometry and untargeted data acquisition
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Analysis of over 250 novel synthetic opioids and xylazine by LC–MS-MS in blood and urine J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-09 Katie Diekhans, Jihau Yu, Megan Farley, Luke N Rodda
Novel Synthetic Opioids (NSO) are frequently found in postmortem (PM) and human performance (HP) forensic toxicology casework, resulting in impairment and fatal overdoses. Developing a broad NSO method benefits public health, as it can be used to identify trends in potent opioid use to develop risk management programs. This project aimed to design a comprehensive, rapid and routine method for the selective
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Simultaneous analysis of acyclovir and its metabolite using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Saki Takeda, Satoshi Ueno, Rie Zenda, Kazuya Muto, Ken Iseki, Kazuki Harada
The antiviral drug acyclovir (ACV) may induce drug-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms as side effects. The detailed pathogenic mechanism remains unclear; however, it is hypothesized that 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine (CMMG), a metabolite of ACV, is the causative compound. Therefore, the blood concentrations of ACV and CMMG should be analyzed in ACV toxicity studies. However, it is rare to find methods
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Distribution of quetiapine between serum and whole blood in therapeutic drug monitoring specimens J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Håvard Breivik, Mette Elise Tunset, Morten Brix Schou, Joachim Frost
Quetiapine use is on the rise, leading to a corresponding increase in acute intoxications, some of which have fatal outcomes. When assessing whole blood quetiapine concentrations during forensic autopsies, interpretations are primarily based on toxicity data from studies of serum concentrations. To our knowledge, there are only two previous studies that have attempted to establish the ratio between
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Evaluation of the Canadian Approved Drug Screening Equipment cut-off levels for Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 Heather Copley, Angela Filbert, Kali Williams
In 2018, Canada introduced roadside oral fluid (OF) screening devices, called Approved Drug Screening Equipment (ADSE), as an investigative tool in impaired driving investigations to detect tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cocaine and/or methamphetamine in drivers. In this work, we compare the detection and concentration of THC in blood samples collected from suspected impaired drivers that tested positive
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Dubowski’s stages of alcohol influence and clinical signs and symptoms of drunkenness in relation to a person’s blood-alcohol concentration – Historical background J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Alan Wayne Jones
. This article traces the origin of various charts and tables delineating the stages of alcohol influence in relation to the clinical signs and symptoms of drunkenness and a person’s blood-alcohol concentration (BAC). In forensic science and legal medicine, the most widely used such table was created by Professor Kurt M. Dubowski (University of Oklahoma). The first version of the Dubowski alcohol table
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Potential exhaled breath biomarkers identified in chlorine-exposed mice J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Sofia Jonasson, Roger Magnusson, Håkan Wingfors, Åsa Gustafsson, Gregory Rankin, Linda Elfsmark, Lina Mörén
Exhaled breath (EB) contains various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can indicate specific biological or pathological processes in the body. Analytical techniques like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) can be used to detect and measure these exhaled biomarkers. In this study, the objective was to develop a non-invasive method of EB sampling in awake animals, as well as to analyze
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A validated dilute-and-shoot LC-MS/MS urine screening for the analysis of 95 illicit drugs and medicines: insights from clinical and forensic Brazilian cases J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Bruno Pereira dos Santos, Letícia Birk, Patrícia Schwarz, Viviane Cristina Sebben, Ângela Malysz Sgaravatti, Giovanna Cristiano de Gouveia, Adriana Ubirajara Silva Petry, Francisco Paz de Menezes, Alexsandro Pinto Gonzaga, Paula Flores Schlickmann, Marcelo Dutra Arbo, Tiago Franco de Oliveira, Sarah Eller
Urine toxicological analysis is a relevant tool in both clinical and forensic scenarios, enabling the diagnosis of acute poisonings, elucidation of deaths, verification of substance use in the workplace, and identification of drug-facilitated crimes. For these analyses, the dilute-and-shoot technique associated with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS) is a promising
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Fentanyl as a marker of illicit drug use in morphine-positive urine specimens from workplace drug testing J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Svante Vikingsson, Ruth E Winecker, David J Kuntz, Michael Clark, Martin Jacques, e Dale Hart, Eugene D Hayes, Ronald R Flegel, Lisa S Davis
Total morphine is an important urinary marker of heroin use but can also be present from prescriptions or poppy seed ingestion. In specimens with morphine concentrations consistent with poppy seed ingestion (<4,000 ng/mL), 6-acetylmorphine has served as an important marker of illicit drug use. However, as illicit fentanyl has become increasingly prevalent as a contaminant in the drug supply, fentanyl
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Five Distinct Commercially Available Hemp-derived Topical Cannabidiol (CBD) Products J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 C. Austin Zamarripa, Hayleigh E Tilton, Spencer Lin, Edward J Cone, Ruth E Winecker, Ronald R Flegel, David Kuntz, Melissa Beals, Martin Jaques, Michael Clark, Eric R Welsh, Lynn Wagner, Marcel O Bonn-Miller, Ryan Vandrey, Tory R Spindle
Products containing cannabidiol (CBD) have proliferated after the 2018 Farm Bill legalized hemp (cannabis with ≤0.3% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-THC). CBD-containing topical products have surged in popularity but controlled clinical studies on them are limited. This study characterized the effects of five commercially available hemp-derived high CBD/low Δ9-THC topical products. Healthy adults
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A fast and reliable LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of saxitoxin in blood plasma samples J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2024-01-04 Klára Odehnalová, Petra Přibilová, Blahoslav Maršálek, Pavel Babica
Saxitoxins (STXs) are potent neurotoxins produced by marine dinoflagellates or freshwater cyanobacteria, known to cause acute and eventually fatal human intoxications, which are classified as Paralytic Shellfish Poisonings (PSPs). Rapid analysis of STXs in blood plasma can be used for a timely diagnosis and confirmation of PSPs. We developed a fast and simple method of STX extraction based on plasma
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Window of detection of cocaine related alkaloids in oral fluid collected with the FloqSwab™ after coca tea consumption J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-28 Frédéric Aknouche, Claire Trebuchet, Kévin Fargeot, Fatima Kormazyigit, Laureen Thion, Christophe Maruejouls, Pascal Kintz
Coca tea is a popular drink in some countries of South America where it is presented as a safe energy preparation, based on a limited total content of cocaine of about 3 to 5 mg. Tea bags can be bought with no legal considerations in these countries both by locals and tourists but its consumption can have consequences when consumed overseas. Driving under the influence of cocaine is banned in most
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The Evolution of Fentanyl-Related Substances: Prevalence and Drug Concentrations in Postmortem Biological Specimens at the Miami-Dade Medical Examiner Department J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-21 Jocelyn Martinez, Jennifer Gonyea, M. Elizabeth Zaney, Joseph Kahl, Diane M Moore
Since 2014, the Miami-Dade Medical Examiner Department (MDME) has observed a drastic increase in the number of fentanyl and fentanyl analog (fentanyl-related substances, FRS) fatalities since its introduction into the heroin and cocaine supply. Due to the prevalence of FRS in Miami-Dade County, the MDME toxicology laboratory began documenting each case in which fentanyl and/or a fentanyl analog was
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Solriamfetol and m-Chlorophenylpiperazine Cause False Positive Amphetamine Results on Urine Drug Screening J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-04 ar Rackow, ce Knezevic
Urine drug screening by immunoassay is a common method to quickly identify drug exposures in the emergency setting and to detect unexpected drug exposures in a variety of patient care and occupational health settings. Although they provide rapid results, immunoassays are susceptible to cross-reactivity with other medications and metabolites. Herein we evaluate the performance of the Thermo Scientific
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Urine and hair drug test results associated with daily consumption of codeine-predominant poppy seed food products J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-21 Gary M Reisfield, Scott A Teitelbaum, Joseph T Jones, Kent Mathias, Ben Lewis
This study examined the urine and hair opiate profiles associated with the daily consumption of presumptive codeine-predominant poppy seed food products. Ten participants consumed one of five food products at breakfast for 10 consecutive days. Baseline urine and hair samples were collected on Day 1. The urine samples were collected 4, 8 and 12 h following poppy seed consumption on Days 1 and 10, and
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Methoxetamine and its metabolites: Post-mortem determination in body fluidsof human cadaver J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-18 Miroslava Bursová, Tomáš Hložek, Miloš Sokol, Monika Židková, Radomír Čabala
We report the forensic case of a 42-year-old man, a known drug user, who died at home, and whose body was only discovered 2 months later. The autopsy was performed on a corpse in the late postmortem stage where no apparent cause of death was found. A toxicological screening of biological material (blood, urine, and gastric content) using liquid chromatography with different types of mass detection
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Immunoassay Testing for Barbiturates Using Alternative Matrices in Postmortem Tissues from Cats and Dogs J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-16 Courtney Valerio, Megan C Romano, Rupam Sarma, Adam W Stern
The barbiturate drug pentobarbital is commonly used by veterinarians for the euthanasia of domestic animals. During the veterinary forensic autopsy, it is sometimes necessary to determine whether the animal was chemically euthanized with pentobarbital. The use of a human immunochromatographic test for barbiturate screening utilizing dog or cat urine has been previously validated; however, use of alternative
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Five Cases of Unintentional Exposure to BZO-4en-POXIZID among Nightclub Attendees in New York City J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-12 Joseph J Palamar, Marta Massano, Alberto Salomone
A new class of synthetic cannabinoids called OXIZIDs has emerged in recent years. This class consists of compounds with oxindole cores and hydrazide/hydrazone linker moieties and has often been described as being designed to circumvent a Chinese class-wide ban that was effective as of July 1, 2021. However, through hair testing of nightclub attendees in New York City—a high-risk population for recreational
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High sensitivity neonatal urine drug testing has similar positivity rates to meconium for detecting in utero exposure to methamphetamine and cocaine. J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Hannah M Brown,Stephen M Roper,Dennis J Dietzen,Bridgit O Crews
Current guidelines recommend universal screening for substance use disorders in obstetric patients and neonatal drug testing is also frequently performed. Meconium is often the preferred specimen type to detect neonatal drug exposure due to a longer window of detection compared to urine, but most laboratories send out meconium testing to specialized reference laboratories which can delay results for
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Evaluation of Biochemical Assays and Optimization of LC-MS/MS Analysis for the Detection of Synthetic Urine J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-07 Laura Franke, Christian Fuczik, Michael Hubig, Frank T Peters, Dirk K Wissenbach
Ensuring specimen validity is an essential aspect of toxicological laboratories. In recent years, substituting authentic urine specimens for synthetic urine has become increasingly popular. Such synthetic urine products consist of components expected in normal urine and show physiological values for specific gravity and pH. Thus, standard specimen validity testing may fail in revealing adulteration
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Flualprazolam and flubromazolam: Blood concentrations and prevalence of two novel psychoactive substances in forensic case work in Ontario, Canada J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Nella Vekic, Delaney Armstrong-Price, Karen Woodall
Flualprazolam and flubromazolam are synthetic benzodiazepines that have not been approved for use in humans. They are categorized as novel psychoactive substances (NPS), and have been increasingly encountered in forensic case work. This report examines information from cases analyzed for flualprazolam and flubromazolam between July 1 and December 31, 2021 to identify the prevalence, trends and demographic
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Comprehensive toxicological screening of common drugs of abuse, new psychoactive substances and cannabinoids in blood using supported liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Jessica Ayala,Sarah Kerrigan
Immunoassay (IA) is currently the most widely used technique for toxicological screening in drug-impaired driving investigations. However, practical limitations in the scope of testing, and the emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPSs), have highlighted the need for alternative approaches, particularly mass spectrometry-based screening. High-resolution mass spectrometry broadens the scope of
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Simple and rapid detection of three amatoxins and three phallotoxins in human body fluids by UPLC-MS/MS and its application in 15 poisoning cases. J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-10-31 Shuo Yang,Di Wen,Fenshuang Zheng,Shanbai Pu,Zhuonan Chen,Mobing Chen,Bin Di,Wei Liu,Yan Shi
Amatoxins and phallotoxins are toxic cyclopeptides found in the genus Amanita and are among the predominant causes of foodborne sickness and poisoning-related fatalities in China. This study introduces and validates a simple, rapid, and cost-effective ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination and quantification of α-amanitin, β-amanitin
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Bibliometric evaluation of Journal of Analytical Toxicology as a scholarly publication according to the Web-of-Science citation database. J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-10-27 Alan Wayne Jones
Soon approaching its 50th anniversary, Journal of Analytical Toxicology (JAT) is an international scholarly publication specializing in analytical and forensic aspects of toxicology. Science Citation Index (SCI) and Journal Citation Reports (JCR), both of which are part of the Web-of-Science (WOS) database, were used to make a bibliometric evaluation of JAT articles. Between 1977 (volume 1) and 2023
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Analytical toxicology of the semi-synthetic cannabinoid hexahydrocannabinol studied in human samples, pooled human liver S9 fraction, rat samples, and drug product using HPLC-HRMS/MS. J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-10-21 Sascha K Manier,Johannes Angert Valdiviezo,Aline C Vollmer,Niels Eckstein,Markus R Meyer
Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) is an emerging semi-synthetic cannabinoid, that is obtained from cyclization of cannabidiol and subsequent hydrogenation. As a potentially legal alternative of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), it is increasingly seized in the United States and Europe. The aims of this study were to investigate the metabolism of HHC in pooled human liver S9 fraction (pHLS9), in rat, and human
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Preanalytical Factors Influencing the Results of Ethanol Analysis in Postmortem Specimens. J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-10-07 Maria L Olds,Alan W Jones
Excessive drinking and drunkenness are underlying factors in many fatal accidents, which makes the quantitative determination of ethanol in postmortem (PM) specimens an essential part of all unnatural death investigations. The same analytical methods are used to determine ethanol in blood taken from living and deceased persons, although in medical examiner cases interpretation of the results is more
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HPLC-MS/MS Method for Measuring Cotinine and Trans-3ʹ-Hydroxycotinine in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Patients with e-Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-28 Tiffany Seyler, Benjamin C Blount, Lanqing Wang
In 2019, nearly 3000 U.S. residents developed severe lung injury associated with recent use of e-cigarette or vaping products. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) responded to the outbreak, which was formally defined as e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury (EVALI). CDC Laboratory rapidly developed assays to analyze potentially harmful and addictive substances
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Detection of thiocyanate in postmortem blood of a fatal potassium thiocyanate-poisoning patient using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-27 Minji Kang, Sungmin Moon, Byungjoo Kim, So-Hyun Kim, Junghyun Kim, Heejin Park, Hyeyoung Choi, Seongho Kim, Meejung Park
Thiocyanate is an inorganic compound used in industrial applications. Here, we report a case of suicidal death due to acute thiocyanate overdose. A 44-year-old man who consumed an unknown amount of thiocyanate solution was transferred to the emergency room and died 2 h after admission. An autopsy was performed 2 days after death. General toxicological analysis of blood using gas chromatography-mass
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Time- and Temperature-Dependent Postmortem ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentration Changes in Rabbits following Controlled Inhaled Cannabis Administration J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-27 Kacey D Cliburn, Philip M Kemp, Marilyn A Huestis, Jarrad R Wagner, Mark Payton, Lin Liu, Yurong Liang, Lara K Maxwell
Postmortem redistribution (PMR), a well-known phenomenon in forensic toxicology, can result in substantial changes in drug concentrations after death, depending on the chemical characteristics of the drug, blood collection site, storage conditions of the body and postmortem interval (PMI). Limited PMR data are available for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component in Cannabis
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The Metabolic Profile of the Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist ADB-HEXINACA using Human Hepatocytes, LC-QTOF-MS and Synthesized Reference Standards J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Steven R Baginski, Tobias Rautio, Lorna A Nisbet, Karin Lindbom, Xiongyu Wu, Johan Dahlen, Craig McKenzie, Henrik Gréen
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) remain a major public health concern, with their use implicated in intoxications and drug-related deaths worldwide. Increasing our systematic understanding of SCRA metabolism supports clinical and forensic toxicology casework, facilitating the timely identification of analytical targets for toxicological screening procedures and confirmatory analysis
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Segmental analysis and long-term monitoring of vadadustat in equine hair for the purpose of doping control. J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Hideaki Ishii,Mariko Shibuya,Kanichi Kusano,Yu Sone,Takahiro Kamiya,Ai Wakuno,Hideki Ito,Kenji Miyata,Masayuki Yamada,Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
Vadadustat is a newly launched hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizer with anti-anemia and erythropoietic effects; however, its use in horses is expressly forbidden in both racing and equestrian competitions. Following our previous report on the pharmacokinetic study of vadadustat in horse plasma and urine, a long-term longitudinal analysis of vadadustat in horse hair after nasoesophageal administration
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Assessment of urinary 6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadienyl mercapturic acid as a novel biomarker of benzene exposure. J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Brett A Bowman,Erica V Lewis,Devon W Goldy,Jenny Y Kim,Deanna M Elio,Benjamin C Blount,Deepak Bhandari
Assessing benzene exposure is a public health priority due to its deleterious health effects and ubiquitous industrial and environmental sources of exposure. Phenyl mercapturic acid (PhMA) is a commonly used urinary biomarker to assess benzene exposure. However, recent work has identified significant interlaboratory variation in urinary PhMA concentrations related to methodological differences. In
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Pastry precautions: Poppy seed-containing products cause significant positive results in urine drug tests. J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Rebecca J Wilson,Thomas J Laha,Geoffrey S Baird,Andrew N Hoofnagle,Hsuan-Chieh Liao
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High-throughput quantification of emerging ''nitazene'' benzimidazole opioid analogs by microextraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-13 Maria Schüller,Ivana Lucic,Åse Marit Leere Øiestad,Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard,Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
Benzimidazole opioids, often referred to as nitazenes, represent a subgroup of new psychoactive substances with a recent increase in fatal overdoses in the US and Europe. With a variety of analogs emerging on the illicit drug market, forensic labs are challenged to identify these potent drugs. We here present a simple quantitative approach for the determination of nine nitazene analogs, namely, clonitazene
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Prevalence of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid in workplace drug testing J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-12 Svante Vikingsson, E Dale Hart, Ruth E Winecker, Edward J Cone, David J Kuntz, Michael Clark, Martin Jacques, Eugene D Hayes, Ronald R Flegel
Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) recently became widely available as an alternative to cannabis. Δ8-THC is likely impairing and poses a threat to workplace and traffic safety. In the present study the prevalence of Δ8-THC in workplace drug testing was investigated by analyzing 1,504 urine specimens with a positive immunoassay cannabinoid initial test using an LC–MS-MS method quantifying 15 cannabinoid
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Evaluation of the Long-Term Stability of Select Phenylacetylindole, Cycloalkylindole, Quinolinyl, and Carboxamide Synthetic Cannabinoids using LC-MS/MS J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-11 Erika Phung, Daniel Lee, Cassandra Swart, Yiling Ke, Katherine Moore-Bollinger, Nichole Bynum, Megan Grabenauer, Sabra Botch-Jones
Forensic toxicology laboratories often encounter casework backlogs, which raise concerns for drug stability that can be affected by long storage times, temperature, and preservatives, or the lack thereof. The focus of this research was to evaluate the impact of these factors on the stability of 17 synthetic cannabinoids in human whole blood and 10 associated metabolites in human urine. The fortified
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Impact of methemoglobin on carboxyhemoglobin saturation measurement in fatal sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite cases J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-06 Nathalie A Desrosiers, Betty L C Chow
An increase in suicide cases by sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite ingestion has been noted in the scientific literature. We report on the possible impact of nitrate/nitrite-caused methemoglobinemia on carboxyhemoglobin measurement by spectrophotometric methods. Elevated methemoglobin saturation may result in insufficient reducing agents to convert methemoglobin into deoxygenated hemoglobin, affecting
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Mitragynine in the Orange County DUID population J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-06 Nancy Kedzierski, Dani Mata
In recent years, mitragynine has been consistently detected in driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases. In this paper, we evaluate 3 years (2017–2019) worth of DUID data from arrested drivers in Orange County, CA, USA. From the 25,398 DUID cases received in those 3 years, there were 60 (0.24%) cases with detectable concentrations, >10 ng/mL, of mitragynine. The majority of drivers were male
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Development and Validation of a Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method to Quantify Psilocin in Authentic Oral Fluid Samples J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 Marilia Santoro Cardoso, Kelly Francisco da Cunha, Izabelly Geraldes Silva, Taís Regina Fiorentin, Eduardo G de Campos, Jose Luiz Costa
Psilocin is an active substance and dephosphorylated product of psilocybin formed after ingestion of mushrooms. The low stability caused by the quick oxidation of this analyte requires sensitive methods for its determination in biological matrices. In this work, we described a method development, optimization, and validation for the quantification of psilocin in authentic oral fluid samples by liquid
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Towards adherence monitoring using breath or oral fluid as a matrix in a methadone maintenance treatment program for patients with a chronic heroin use disorder: Issues and interpretation of the results J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 Lutea A A de Jong, Tim Kloost, Erik J H Olyslager, Michael Böttcher, Jan A Wieferink, Peter Vossenberg, Maarten Belgers, Harmen Beurmanjer, Hein A de Haan
Urine has been the preferred matrix for monitoring heroin and methadone adherence due to its large detection window. Drawbacks such as privacy concerns and adulteration however require other matrices. The study aims to determine if oral fluid and exhaled breath are suitable alternatives for heroin and methadone monitoring and to assess the detection time in exhaled breath. Forty-three participants
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A method for the sensitive targeted screening of synthetic cannabinoids and opioids in whole blood by LC-QTOF-MS with simultaneous suspect screening using HighResNPS.com J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-08-26 Stephen Trobbiani, Peter Stockham, Chris Kostakis
A sensitive method for the qualitative screening of synthetic cannabinoids and opioids in whole blood was developed and validated using alkaline liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and liquid chromatography – time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Estimated limits of detection for validated compounds ranged from 0.03-0.29 µg/L (median, 0.04 µg/L) for the 27 opioids and from 0.04-0.5 µg/L (median
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Validation of an Analytical Method for Quantitation of Metonitazene and Isotonitazene in Plasma, Blood, Urine, Liver and Brain and Application to Authentic Postmortem Casework in New York City J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-08-25 Justine Pardi, Sue Ford, Gail Cooper
Starting in 2019, an emerging class of novel opioids causing public health concern was benzimidazole opioids, also known as “nitazenes”. Two nitazenes, isotonitazene and metonitazene, were detected in postmortem samples received at the NYC Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. A protein precipitation extraction procedure was developed and validated for metonitazene and isotonitazene using 50 μL of
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The Preanalytical Stability of Emerging Cannabinoid Analogs (Delta-8 THC and its Metabolites, Delta-10 THC, and Carboxy-HHC) in Urine J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-08-23 Ashley A Pokhai, Justin L Poklis, Grace R Williams, Carl E Wolf
There has been a surge in the presence and use of cannabinoids since the federal legalization of hemp (Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018). This increase is attributed not only to the use of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the most abundant phytocannabinoid components of cannabis and hemp, respectively, but with the use of many other emerging THC analogs. Structurally, these
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The Cross Reactivity of Cannabinoid Analogs (Delta-8-THC, Delta-10-THC and CBD), their metabolites, and Chiral Carboxy HHC metabolites in Urine of Six Commercially Available Homogeneous Immunoassays. J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-08-21 Carl E Wolf, Ashley A Pokhai, Justin L Poklis, Grace R Williams
There has been an exponential surge in the presence and use of cannabinoids since the federal legalization of hemp (Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018). This growth is attributed to Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the most abundant phytocannabinoid components of cannabis and hemp, respectively, but with many other emerging THC analogs. Structurally, these analogs
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A model of evaluative opinion to encourage greater transparency and justification of interpretation in post-mortem forensic toxicology. J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-08-11 Peter D Maskell, Simon Elliott, Brigitte Desharnais, Martin Findell, Graham Jackson
Over the past decades, the calls to improve the robustness of interpretation in forensic science have increased in magnitude. Forensic toxicology has seen limited progress in this regard. In this work, we propose a transparent interpretive pathway for use in post-mortem forensic toxicology cases. This process allows the selection of the interpretive methodology based on the amount of previous information
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Comparisons of Blood Alcohol Concentrations between Initial Testing and Reanalysis from Unopened Tubes Preserved with 0.25% NaF Following Refrigerated Storage up to 3.93 Years J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Maria L Olds
Few studies support the usage of <1% nominal sodium fluoride (NaF) to preserve ethanol in antemortem blood. Of these studies, several are limited by short study durations of 90 days or less, and there is limited research of authentic samples preserved with <1% NaF. In this retrospective analysis, data from initial and reanalysis testing of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in antemortem blood collected
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Confirmation of cannabinoids in forensic toxicology casework by isomer-selective UPLC–MS-MS analysis in urine J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 Thomas G Rosano, Jane A Cooper, Kiley L Scholz, Michelle Wood
Confirmation of cannabinoid use by forensic toxicology testing in urine has been traditionally focused on ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) with analysis of its major metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-THC (∆9-cTHC), in free and conjugated forms. Legalization of hemp, however, has led to the widespread production and sale of cannabidiol (CBD) derivatives with psycho-activity, including ∆8-THC and ∆10-THC
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Interference of the novel designer benzodiazepine 4ʹ-chloro deschloroalprazolam with alprazolam analysis in toxicology and seized drug DUID casework J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-08-02 Jami D Reber, Corissa Rodgers, Jessica L Ayala, James Miller, Peter Stout, Dayong Lee
In recent years, the emergence of the novel designer benzodiazepine 4ʹ-chloro deschloroalprazolam has presented a new challenge for forensic laboratories by interfering with the identification and quantitation of alprazolam. As an isomer of alprazolam, 4ʹ-chloro deschloroalprazolam has similar physicochemical properties and can be misidentified in casework samples as alprazolam without a specific method
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Comparative Toxicology of Syringe Exchange and Post-Mortem Blood Samples in the District of Columbia: Trends and Affinity Analysis J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-08-02 Ben Turley, Alexandra Evans, Katharine Benzio
This cross-sectional analysis aimed to understand the similarities and differences between drugs detected in syringes collected from syringe service providers in the District of Columbia and fatal overdose deaths captured by the State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System. Substance exposures for these fatal and non-fatal drug use outcomes have not been previously compared. Substance distributions
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Implementation of the First Comprehensive State Oral Fluid Drug Testing Program for Roadside Screening and Laboratory Testing in DUID Cases - A Five-Year Review J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-31 Curt E Harper, Jason Hudson, Kristin Tidwell, Rebekah Boswell, Hui Liu Yong, Jasmine Maxwell
Oral fluid (OF) is a valuable specimen for Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) applications. This study demonstrates the implementation of the first comprehensive OF drug testing program in the United States, including approved roadside screening OF devices for law enforcement and validated LC–MS-MS confirmation methods. Three roadside OF screening devices were evaluated: the Dräger DrugTest®
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The Impact of Vaping Ethanol-Containing Electronic Cigarette Liquids on Roadside Impairment Investigations J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-31 Alaina K Holt, Akansha Anbil, Madison M Combs, Erica R Sales, Edward L Boone, Justin L Poklis, Edgar L Greer, Nareg Karaoghlanian, Alison B Breland, Michelle R Peace
Legal professionals and others have suggested that vaping electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) prior to or during ethanol breath testing may produce false positives. Preliminary Breath Tests (PBTs) and Evidentiary Breath Tests (EBTs) measure ethanol in exhaled breath, and Standardized Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs) are used to assess impairment. Ethanol has been identified in e-cig liquids (e-liquids). Presented
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Are the NPS commonly used? An extensive investigation in Northern Italy based on hair analysis J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-28 Cristina Calvetti, Alberto Salomone, Andrea Verzeletti, Fabio Di Nardo, Paola Maria Giulia Begni, Sara Vezzoli
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are present on the Italian illicit markets, but data from the analysis of biological samples to evaluate their real consumption are rare. For this reason, an epidemiological study was carried out by means of a ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method for the determination of 115 NPS on the keratin matrix. A total of 847
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Cork Sheet as an Efficient Biosorbent for Forensic Toxicology: Application to Vitreous Humor Analysis J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-28 Daniela Souza Ossanes, Letícia Birk, Adriana Ubirajara Silva Petry, Francisco Paz de Menezes, Alexsandro Pinto Gonzaga, Paula Flores Schlickmann, Sarah Eller, Tiago Franco de Oliveira
There is an increasing number of people affected worldwide by mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety. One of the main courses of treatment, along with psychotherapy, is the use of psychoactive medications, like antidepressants and benzodiazepines. Also, the unprescribed use of these substances is a concerning public health issue. Hence, the analysis of psychotropic medications is mandatory
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Testing for clomiphene in keratinous matrices (hair and nail) J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-27 Pascal Kintz, Laurie Gheddar, Adeline Blanchot, Alice Ameline, Jean-Sébastien Raul
Clomiphene or clomifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), used to treat female fertility in case of ovulatory dysfunction. In sport, clomiphene is prohibited at all times for use by athletes and is listed in the section S4.2 (hormone and metabolic modulators) by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Indeed, clomiphene can indirectly increase testosterone levels in the body and can mitigate
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LC–MS/MS-MS3 for the determination and quantification of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and metabolites in blood samples J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-26 Paula Proença, Helena M Teixeira, Beatriz Martinho, Carla Monteiro, João Franco, Francisco Corte-Real
Due to the high prevalence of cannabinoids in forensic toxicology analysis, it is crucial to have an efficient method that allows the use of a small sample amount and that requires a minimal sample preparation for the determination and quantification of low concentrations. A simple, highly selective and high throughput liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methodology (LC–MS-MS-MS3) was developed
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Conversion of water-soluble CBD to Δ9-THC in synthetic gastric fluid—An unlikely cause of positive drug tests J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-13 E Dale Hart, Lawrance Mullen, Svante Vikingsson, Edward J Cone, Ruth E Winecker, Eugene D Hayes, Ronald R Flegel
Cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown to convert to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in acidic environments, raising a concern of conversion when exposed to gastric fluid after consumption. Using synthetic gastric fluid (SGF), it has been demonstrated that the conversion requires surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), due to limited solubility of CBD. Recently, water-compatible nanoemulsions
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Fatal concentrations of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs in post-mortem femoral blood J. Anal. Toxicol. (IF 2.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-13 Pirkko Kriikku, Ilkka Ojanperä
Antidepressants and antipsychotics are both an important class of prescription drugs within post-mortem (PM) toxicology because most of the substances are toxic in overdose and the mental disorders being treated may be associated with suicidality. A wide range of antidepressants and antipsychotics are currently included in up-to-date PM toxicology analysis protocols. However, apart from case studies