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From War Crystals to Ordinary Sand: excavating silicon supply chains IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Ingrid Burrington
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The Logistics of Labor and Life at Signetics IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Kyle Stine
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The Work and Vision of Ubiquitous Computing at Xerox PARC IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 Eric Rawn
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How Percy Ludgate's 1909 Paper Helped Thwart Konrad Zuse's Computer Patent in 1960 IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Brian Coghlan, Brian Randell, Ralf Buelow
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Text Standards for the ‘Rest of World’: The Making of the Unicode Standard and the OpenType Format IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Anushah Hossain
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Telenet, the 1983 Hacking Incidents, and the Construction of Network Security in the United States IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Brian K. Vagts
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Errata IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-29
In the biography of William Alfred Higinbotham [1], the abstract should state that he was recruited to the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1943, not 1945.
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Opening of the Bob Doran Museum of Computing IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Brian E. Carpenter
The Bob Doran Museum of Computing at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, was formally opened on 14 July, 2022. The late Professor Robert W. Doran (“Bob”) established his “Computing History Collection,” and its associated timeline display, at the beginning of this century, and continued to develop it until his untimely death in 2018. The museum now spans six levels of the stairwell in Building
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Tracing the Origins of the First Soviet Computers, Beyond Legends IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Giovanni A. Cignoni, Sergei P. Prokhorov
The first Soviet digital computers, the M-1 and the MESM, were built in 1951, a few years after their western counterparts. Anecdotal storytelling narrates that Russian scientists learned of electronic computers from Western radio broadcasts and popular magazines that arrived in the Soviet Union. The article examines the plausibility of the legends and tries to reconstruct the origins of the first
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From the Editor's Desk IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 David Hemmendinger
This final 2023 Annals is a special issue, “Histories of Computing in Oceania,” a welcome addition to the relatively small number of historical accounts of that region. Its editors, Janet Toland and Sebastian Boell, describe the background of their project in their Guest Editors' introduction.
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Histories of Computing in Oceania IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Sebastian K. Boell, Janet M. Toland
This special issue explores the histories of computing in the countries of Oceania with reference to the nuanced relationship between the local and the global. Oceania includes Australia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu [5]. The region comprises indigenous Polynesian, Melanesian
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Monte Sala's Cryptographic Achievements IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 T. Alex Reid
This article sets out the principal achievements of an Italian-born Australian inventor, Monte Sala, who exhibited an ability to solve complex electronic problems and to design and build world-class devices. His career spanned radio and TV, NASA space tracking, vision research experiments, telemetry, Pay-TV, and cyrptography, all the time designing, developing, manufacturing, and promoting electronic
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Computer Networking Initiatives in One of the World's Remote Cities IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 T. Alex Reid
This article describes some computing initiatives made by members of the University of Western Australia, located in arguably the most isolated capital city in the world. These initiatives center around online and networking capabilities, predominantly arising from the installation, in 1965, of the first time-sharing computer in Australia. This far-sighted, if risky, purchase set the university on
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Capturing an Oral History of Computing in Australia IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Sebastian K. Boell, Peter Thorne
As we prepared the special issue on Oceania for the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, the question arose: What collections of primary data are available that may be used by current and future historians? We noticed the absence of oral histories that capture accounts from early pioneers of computing describing their work as entrepreneurs, researchers, educators, IT journalists, and legislators
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Documenting CAD History With CHM's Software Industry Special Interest Group IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 David Brock
From 2004 to the present, the Computer History Museum has enjoyed and tremendously benefitted from the work of its Software Industry Special Interest Group. The Group continues the work of the Software History Center, founded by Burton Grad and Luanne Johnson. The Group has been responsible for conducting nearly 150 oral histories and bringing important materials into the Museum's collections. The
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Oral History of Rodney Brooks IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Hansen Hsu
Hansen Hsu: Today is Friday, June 2nd, 2023. I am Hansen Hsu, curator here at the Computer History Museum, with Rodney Brooks. So to begin with, let us start with where and when were you born.
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Dissecting Data: History of Data as History of the Body IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Andrew S. Lea
I met my cadaver before I had met most of my classmates. Like many medical students, I was glad to have anatomy as the first block of medical school. But my reasons were different: Always a bit squeamish, I figured it was better to discover if I was not cut out for medicine early on—before I was in too deep. Over seven weeks, we systematically dissected our assigned cadaver, dutifully following each
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Computing Technologies for Resilience, Sustainability, and Resistance IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-19 Petera Hudson, Hēmi Whaanga, Te Taka Keegan
Māori has long used computing technologies for cultural resilience, linguistic survival, social revitalization and resistance, and economic sustainability. Individuals have used various technologies, hapū, subtribe, iwi, tribe, academic institutes, innovators, activists, communities, industry leaders, computer scientists, programmers, historians, geographers, translators, linguists and te reo Māori
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Interview of Finis Conner IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Grant Saviers
This is an edited version of the Computer History Museum catalog #102792815, and the interview video is at https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102792816. Grant Saviers has a five decade long career in computer data storage, including senior positions at DEC and as CEO of Adaptec. He is a trustee of the Computer History Museum.
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The Modern History of ICT in Oceania—PEACESAT and USPNet IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-19 Rieko Hayakawa, Robert Underwood, Jennifer Anson
US, Japan, Australia, and other like-minded countries have been active in supporting submarine telecommunication cables linking the Pacific Island countries. This is against a challenging international order, and in particular the military security challenges posed by China. However, 50 years ago, free satellite communications services were provided to Pacific Island countries with support from the
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From the Editor's Desk IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-14 David Hemmendinger
We are pleased to have a special issue, “Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Europe,” that contributes to the growing study of the history of AI. Helen Piel and Rudolf Seising discuss its articles and their background in their guest-editors’ introduction.
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Review of Proxies: The Cultural Work of Standing In, by Dylan Mulvin IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-14 Gili Vidan
It has been nearly half a century since statistician George Box asserted that “all models are wrong” (1978). Since then, STS and allied fields studying practices of quantification, standardization, and representation have produced a veritable collection of studies that unmask the assumptions and evaluate the consequences of such acts of decontextualization. Data and computer science practitioners,
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Review of Code: From Information Theory to French Theory, by Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-14 Sam H. Franz
Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan's Code: From Information Theory to French Theory [1] is an expansive monograph that ties the emergence of cybernetic thinking (and its accompanying information and communication sciences) to a set of historical-intellectual scenes and crises in the 20th century. Beginning with progressive-era transformations of American science in the 1930s and concluding with the reception
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Trevor Pearcey and the Development of CSIRAC—An Australian First-Generation Computer IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-21 Barbara Ainsworth
In November 1949, a team led by Trevor Pearcey and Maston Beard ran the first successful tests on their digital computer designated CSIR/CSIRO Mark 1, later to be called CSIRAC, at the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics, Sydney, Australia. It was part of the first generation of new electronic digital computers with stored programming built in the 1940s and the first computer in Australia. This article
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Educational Computers in New Zealand Schools: 1977 to 1983 IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-16 Alastair Nisbet
New Zealand has always been a technologically advanced country. With its relatively small size and population, New Zealand accepts new technology rapidly. In late 1977, personal computers finally became available to the public and to schools. The opportunity for the Government to provide schools with clear guidance on purchasing and use of computers, both for teaching purposes and for students to learn
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Early AI in Britain: Turing et al. IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 B. Jack Copeland
This article presents an overview of Turing's early contributions to machine intelligence, together with a summary of his influence on other early practitioners. Following his famous work on the Entscheidungsproblem in the 1930s, Turing staked out the field of machine intelligence during the 1940s. His wartime Bombe used what we now call heuristic search to do work requiring intelligence when done
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Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Europe IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-07-31 Helen Piel, Rudolf Seising
While artificial intelligence (AI) as a technology has been gaining widespread media and popular attention, its historical analysis is still in its infancy. As Jon Agar noted, “There is a surprising absence in the secondary literature of survey histories of artificial intelligence written by professional historians of science” [4, p. 291].1 When we began our own project on the history of AI in the
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Socialist AI? Societal Use, Economic Implementation, and the Tensions of Applied Computer Science in Late Socialist GDR IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-07-25 Martin Schmitt
AI research and development in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) can be seen as paradigmatic for the phase of late socialism. The imperatives of the socialist project and its economic ramifications in the endgame of the Cold War left a distinct imprint on AI. The GDR adopted a pragmatic approach to AI, which this article examines. It highlights the various strands and applications of late socialist
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The “KI-Rundbrief,” Its Editors, and Its Community: A Perspective on West German AI, 1975–1987 IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-07-24 Dinah Pfau, Helen Piel, Florian Müller, Jakob Tschandl, Rudolf Seising
The “KI-Rundbrief” (AI newsletter) of the AI specialist group in the German Informatics Society is considered central to the emerging West German AI community. It was mailed out between 1975 and 1987, when it was turned into the journal Künstliche Intelligenz. Despite its presumed centrality, it has not been studied in detail. This article combines a quantitative analysis of which research was published
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The Representation of Knowledge and the Relevance of Biological Models at the Symposium on the Mechanization of Thought Processes, 1958 IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-07-21 Matthew Cobb
“Mechanization of Thought Process” was an international conference involving researchers from academia, government, industry, and the military that took place in the U.K. in 1958. It saw the first presentation of McCarthy's Advice Taker and of Selfridge's Pandemonium, and one of the first expositions of Rosenblatt's Perceptron, as well as presentations on new programming languages, cybernetic experiments
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From the Editor's Desk IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Ramesh Subramanian
Welcome to the second issue of the Annals in 2023! Like past issues, this issue of the Annals is also rich in its sheer variety and breadth.
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Promoting Computing in the Postwar United States—The Case of UCLA IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Peggy Aldrich Kidwell
In the mid-1940s, a differential analyzer and an electronic digital computer acquired by UCLA made large-scale computing available to staff and students there and in surrounding industries. To serve these users, the university fostered both new professional organizations and pioneering curricula in what would later be called computer science.
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Interview of Lynn Conway IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Dag Spicer
A major feature in computing history is the evolving ability to “write on silicon” and thereby create novel computational structures in increasingly fast, compact and power-efficient hardware. In 1978, Xerox PARC researcher and MIT professor Lynn Conway, together with Caltech's Carver Mead, developed a simple and powerful method of designing and fabricating very large-scale integration (VLSI) integrated
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A Short History of Xerox' Darwin Toolset for Programming Real-Time Machine Control Systems IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Emil J. Gottwald
In the 1970s, the Xerox Corporation located its development and manufacturing facilities in and around Rochester, New York [East Coast] and El Segundo, California [West Coast]. These had teams dedicated to providing programming tools for development engineers, who were located primarily on the East Coast, to use in creating control code for new products. This article delves into the history of those
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Review of Spies, Lies, and Algorithms, by Amy B. Zegart IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Anne Fitzpatrick
Since 9/11 there have been scores of publications focusing on the United States Intelligence Community's failure to prevent that day's tragedies. Amy Zegart's “Spies, Lies, and Algorithms: the History and Future of American Intelligence” [1] is a welcomed departure from this trend. The main difference is that Zegart attempts to explain what the United States Intelligence Community—or USIC it is commonly
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2022 Distributed Computer Museum Accreditation Ceremony IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Hiroharu Asahi, Hiromichi Hashizume
The Special Committee on History of the Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ) accredits annually several computer museums in Japan as a part of its distributed virtual museum. The accreditation had been withheld in the last three years because of COVID-19, however, it revived this year. On the afternoon of March 3, 2023, the second day of the National Convention of IPSJ held on the campus
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ChatGPT's Astonishing Fabrications About Percy Ludgate IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Brian Randell, Brian Coghlan
Since its release in November 2022, OpenAI's artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot ChatGPT has aroused great interest because of its very impressive ability to provide well-formulated and detailed natural language responses to queries about a huge variety of topics. These responses are based on an immense set of training data, obtained from the Internet in 2021, and on information gained from interactions
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CBI's “Automation by Design,” New Fellows, Interfaces, JHUP Series, NAE, NSF, and More IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Jeffrey Yost
The interdisciplinary Charles Babbage Institute for Computing, Information & Culture recently held a major symposium, “Automation by Design.” This short article discusses the event, CBI's new fellows, editorial leadership, and other programs and services of the institute.
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Obituary for James Pelkey IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Loring G. Robbins, Andrew L. Russell
James Lee Pelkey was a unique combination of entrepreneur, investor, and historian at a pivotal time in the evolution of early networking technologies. A business executive who led both hardware and software startups and later managed funds investing in early networking startups, Pelkey turned a passion for discovering emerging markets for new technologies into a lifelong pursuit of documenting the
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Literature and Artificial Intelligence IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Hans-Christian von Herrmann
The essay proposes a “literary” perspective on the history of artificial intelligence. On the one hand, this means a literary-historical retrospective of the decades since the Second World War, but it also emphasizes the basic probabilistic trait of artificial intelligence, which becomes recognizable especially against the background of current technological developments. The space of literature is
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History of the CAL Timesharing System IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-02 Paul McJones, David Redell
The CAL Timesharing System (CAL TSS) was developed at the University of California at Berkeley between 1968 and 1971 to provide interactive computing for research and instruction. It ran on a mainframe computer, the Control Data Corporation 6400, and was one of the earliest systems to use capabilities for protection. Using our memories, archival records, and files preserved by McJones that are part
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The Cognitive Being as the User at Project Mac IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-04-27 Caitlin Burke
This essay traces the evolution of time-sharing systems from the late 1950s to the mid 1960s to demonstrate how time-sharing systems reflect a larger epistemological shift in the history of human-computer interaction. By placing time-sharing systems within their sociohistorical context, this essay demonstrates that time-sharing was not only instrumental for the progress of interactive computing but
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Demographics, Inc., Computerized Direct Mail, and the Rise of the Digital Attention Economy IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-04-24 Philip L. Frana
This article chronicles the origins of mechanized and computerized direct mail, mass personalized marketing, and the role of these technologies in the development of the digital attention economy. It includes an account of the first several decades of Demographics, Inc. that became one of the largest and most profitable database marketing companies in the world. Headquartered in Conway, Arkansas, Demographics
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“Content Is Meaningless, and Structure Is All-Important”: Defining the Nature of Computer Science in the Age of High Modernism, c. 1950–c. 1965 IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-04-20 David Nofre
The purpose of this article is to historize the definition of computer science, particularly the characteristic ambiguity of the discipline toward the computer. This ambiguity is foundational to computer science and has its roots in the response of university computer centers to the commercialization of computing in the mid-1950s. University computing experts developed an understanding of the activity
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The Legacy of Mary Kenneth Keller, First U.S. Ph.D. in Computer Science IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-03-20 Jennifer Head, Dianne P. O’Leary
Profiles Mary Kenneth Keller who received the first Ph.D in Computer Science (1965, University of Wisconsin). Born Evelyn Marie Keller, she entered the Catholic congregation of the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (BVMs) and was given the name Sister Mary Kenneth. In her publications, she used the name Sister Mary K. Keller, Sister Mary Kenneth, Mary K. Keller, and (her complete name)
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Building a Computer at the University of Padua, 1958-1961 IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-03-20 Maristella Agosti, Alberto Cammozzo, Francesco Contin, Silvio Hénin
Reports on the funding, building, and use of a computer system at the University of Padua in Italy from 1958-1961.
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Interview of Ivan Sutherland IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-02-13 Robert Sproull, David C. Brock
Ivan E. Sutherland was born in Hastings, Nebraska, in 1938. He received a B.S. degree from the Carnegie Institute of Technology (1959) in electrical engineering, an M.S. degree from Caltech (1960), and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from MIT (1963). Sutherland's dissertation, Sketchpad: A Man Machine Graphical Communication System, described a groundbreaking interactive computer-aided design system
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Review of Transparent Designs: Personal Computing and the Politics of User-Friendliness, by Michael L. Black IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-02-09 Emma Rae Bruml Norton
The book follows an intricate history of computing that hinges its thesis on the to a history of the word ‘transparency’ as a method in the field of engineering that is meant to make invisible what is otherwise always working within a computer. For the author, rendering computation as transparent reveals the inherent politics of the notion of user-friendliness. The contribution that Black makes to
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John Clark's Latin Verse Machine: 19th Century Computational Creativity IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-02-06 Mike Sharples
John Clark was inventor of the Eureka machine to generate hexameter Latin verse. He labored for 13 years from 1832 to implement the device that could compose at random over 26 million different lines of well-formed verse. This article proposes that Clark should be regarded as an early cognitive scientist. Clark described his machine as an illustration of a theory of “kaleidoscopic evolution” whereby
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Obituary of Martin Davis (1928–2023) IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-02-02 Alberto Policriti, Eugenio Omodeo, Liesbeth De Mol
Recounts the career and contributions of Martin Davis.
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The Effects of Increases in Computing Power on Demographic Analysis Over the Last 50 Years IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2022-12-06 Barbara A. Anderson
This anecdote discusses the relationship of changes in computer power to demographic analysis over the past 50 years, based onmy work as a demographer in that time. Increases in processing power, and the growing complexity of software that this increased power enabled, opened new opportunities for researchers, but the greater ease of computing sometimes led them to be sloppy. Increase in computing
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Call for Special Issue Proposals IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2022-12-06
Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
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Front Cover IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2022-12-06
Presents the front cover for this issue of the publication.
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IEEE Computer Society Has You Covered! IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2022-12-06
Advertisement.
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Table of Contents IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2022-12-06
Presents the table of contents for this issue of the publication.
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Masthead IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2022-12-06
Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication.
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IEEE Computer Society IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2022-12-06
Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication.
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Call for Articles IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2022-12-06
Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
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The IT of Demography IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2022-12-06 Emily Klancher Merchant, Myron P. Gutmann
The articles in this special section focus on the use of computer programs and technology to input, store, analyze, and disseminate information about population and c information gathered from various census studies, statistics, and demographic studies. The articles in this issue engage with that history, exploring the impact of rapid technological change on demographic understanding and the parallel
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Over the Rainbow: 21st Century Security & Privacy Podcast IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2022-12-06
Presents information of interest to Society members.