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  •   The propensity for covalent organic frameworks to template polymer entanglement
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    S. Ephraim Neumann, Junpyo Kwon, Cornelius Gropp, Le Ma, Raynald Giovine, Tianqiong Ma, Nikita Hanikel, Kaiyu Wang, Tiffany Chen, Shaan Jagani, Robert O. Ritchie, Ting Xu, Omar M. Yaghi

    The introduction of molecularly woven three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic framework (COF) crystals into polymers of varying types invokes different forms of contact between filler and polymer. Whereas the combination of woven COFs with amorphous and brittle polymethyl methacrylate results in surface interactions, the use of the liquid-crystalline polymer polyimide induces the formation of polymer-COF

  •   Spillover effects of organic agriculture on pesticide use on nearby fields
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Ashley E. Larsen, Frederik Noack, L. Claire Powers

    The environmental impacts of organic agriculture are only partially understood and whether such practices have spillover effects on pests or pest control activity in nearby fields remains unknown. Using about 14,000 field observations per year from 2013 to 2019 in Kern County, California, we postulate that organic crop producers benefit from surrounding organic fields decreasing overall pesticide use

  •   Overcoming limitations in propane dehydrogenation by codesigning catalyst-membrane systems
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Rawan Almallahi, James Wortman, Suljo Linic

    Propylene production through propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is endothermic, and high temperatures required to achieve acceptable propane conversions lead to low selectivity and severe carbon-induced deactivation of conventional catalysts. We developed a catalyst-membrane system that removes the hydrogen by-product and can thus achieve propane conversions that exceed equilibrium limits. In this codesigned

  •   A milder reaction to feed the world
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Günther Rupprechter

    At least 80% of the ammonia produced industrially supports crop growth around the world. Its synthesis, at scale, from nitrogen and hydrogen gas rests on the Haber-Bosch process, which requires high temperature (400° to 500°C), high pressure (150 to 200 bar), and an iron (Fe)–based catalyst whose performance is promoted by potassium-oxide and other oxides (1). However, ammonia production requires high

  •   Spin-mediated promotion of Co catalysts for ammonia synthesis
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Ke Zhang, Ang Cao, Lau Halkier Wandall, Jerome Vernieres, Jakob Kibsgaard, Jens K. Nørskov, Ib Chorkendorff

    Over the past two decades, there has been growing interest in developing catalysts to enable Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis under milder conditions than currently pertain. Rational catalyst design requires theoretical guidance and clear mechanistic understanding. Recently, a spin-mediated promotion mechanism was proposed to activate traditionally unreactive magnetic materials such as cobalt (Co) for

  •   Stable quantum-correlated many-body states through engineered dissipation
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    X. Mi, A. A. Michailidis, S. Shabani, K. C. Miao, P. V. Klimov, J. Lloyd, E. Rosenberg, R. Acharya, I. Aleiner, T. I. Andersen, M. Ansmann, F. Arute, K. Arya, A. Asfaw, J. Atalaya, J. C. Bardin, A. Bengtsson, G. Bortoli, A. Bourassa, J. Bovaird, L. Brill, M. Broughton, B. B. Buckley, D. A. Buell, T. Burger, B. Burkett, N. Bushnell, Z. Chen, B. Chiaro, D. Chik, C. Chou, J. Cogan, R. Collins, P. Conner

    Engineered dissipative reservoirs have the potential to steer many-body quantum systems toward correlated steady states useful for quantum simulation of high-temperature superconductivity or quantum magnetism. Using up to 49 superconducting qubits, we prepared low-energy states of the transverse-field Ising model through coupling to dissipative auxiliary qubits. In one dimension, we observed long-range

  •   Evolution-inspired engineering of nonribosomal peptide synthetases
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Kenan A. J. Bozhüyük, Leonard Präve, Carsten Kegler, Leonie Schenk, Sebastian Kaiser, Christian Schelhas, Yan-Ni Shi, Wolfgang Kuttenlochner, Max Schreiber, Joshua Kandler, Mohammad Alanjary, T. M. Mohiuddin, Michael Groll, Georg K. A. Hochberg, Helge B. Bode

    Many clinically used drugs are derived from or inspired by bacterial natural products that often are produced through nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), megasynthetases that activate and join individual amino acids in an assembly line fashion. In this work, we describe a detailed phylogenetic analysis of several bacterial NRPSs that led to the identification of yet undescribed recombination

  •   Repeated co-option of HMG-box genes for sex determination in brown algae and animals
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Rémy Luthringer, Morgane Raphalen, Carla Guerra, Sébastien Colin, Claudia Martinho, Min Zheng, Masakazu Hoshino, Yacine Badis, Agnieszka P. Lipinska, Fabian B. Haas, Josué Barrera-Redondo, Vikram Alva, Susana M. Coelho

    In many eukaryotes, genetic sex determination is not governed by XX/XY or ZW/ZZ systems but by a specialized region on the poorly studied U (female) or V (male) sex chromosomes. Previous studies have hinted at the existence of a dominant male-sex factor on the V chromosome in brown algae, a group of multicellular eukaryotes distantly related to animals and plants. The nature of this factor has remained

  •   Alcohol-alcohol cross-coupling enabled by SH2 radical sorting
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Ruizhe Chen, Nicholas E. Intermaggio, Jiaxin Xie, James A. Rossi-Ashton, Colin A. Gould, Robert T. Martin, Jesús Alcázar, David W. C. MacMillan

    Alcohols represent a functional group class with unparalleled abundance and structural diversity. In an era of chemical synthesis that prioritizes reducing time to target and maximizing exploration of chemical space, harnessing these building blocks for carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions is a key goal in organic chemistry. In particular, leveraging a single activation mode to form a new C(sp3)–C(sp3)

  •   Volatile communication in plants relies on a KAI2-mediated signaling pathway
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Shannon A. Stirling, Angelica M. Guercio, Ryan M. Patrick, Xing-Qi Huang, Matthew E. Bergman, Varun Dwivedi, Ruy W. J. Kortbeek, Yi-Kai Liu, Fuai Sun, W. Andy Tao, Ying Li, Benoît Boachon, Nitzan Shabek, Natalia Dudareva

    Plants are constantly exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are released during plant-plant communication, within-plant self-signaling, and plant-microbe interactions. Therefore, understanding VOC perception and downstream signaling is vital for unraveling the mechanisms behind information exchange in plants, which remain largely unexplored. Using the hormone-like function of volatile terpenoids

  •   Determination of single-molecule loading rate during mechanotransduction in cell adhesion
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Myung Hyun Jo, Paul Meneses, Olivia Yang, Claudia C. Carcamo, Sushil Pangeni, Taekjip Ha

    Cells connect with their environment through surface receptors and use physical tension in receptor–ligand bonds for various cellular processes. Single-molecule techniques have revealed bond strength by measuring “rupture force,” but it has long been recognized that rupture force is dependent on loading rate—how quickly force is ramped up. Thus, the physiological loading rate needs to be measured to

  •   Adaptive introgression of a visual preference gene
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Matteo Rossi, Alexander E. Hausmann, Pepe Alcami, Markus Moest, Rodaria Roussou, Steven M. Van Belleghem, Daniel Shane Wright, Chi-Yun Kuo, Daniela Lozano-Urrego, Arif Maulana, Lina Melo-Flórez, Geraldine Rueda-Muñoz, Saoirse McMahon, Mauricio Linares, Christof Osman, W. Owen McMillan, Carolina Pardo-Diaz, Camilo Salazar, Richard M. Merrill

    Visual preferences are important drivers of mate choice and sexual selection, but little is known of how they evolve at the genetic level. In this study, we took advantage of the diversity of bright warning patterns displayed by Heliconius butterflies, which are also used during mate choice. Combining behavioral, population genomic, and expression analyses, we show that two Heliconius species have

  •   More math, less “math war”
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Alan Schoenfeld, Phil Daro

    Owing to scientific advances, high-school and college science curricula in the US today barely resemble those of 50 years ago. Most science curricula are “modular”: Topics of emerging interest can be inserted as units, without major impact on the broader curriculum. Mathematics instruction, by contrast, is much the same as it was a half century ago—hierarchically organized and inflexible, with each

  •   Engineering better artificial chromosomes
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    R. Kelly Dawe

    Artificial chromosomes can carry large numbers of engineered genes and have been proposed as an alternative technology for adding or recoding genetic information in human cell lines (1, 2). Early studies showed that when sequences from human centromeres were introduced along with a marker gene into cell lines, they formed stable artificial chromosomes (1). However, human artificial chromosomes (HACs)

  •   Evolution-guided engineering of trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthases
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Mathijs F. J. Mabesoone, Stefan Leopold-Messer, Hannah A. Minas, Clara Chepkirui, Pornsuda Chawengrum, Silke Reiter, Roy A. Meoded, Sarah Wolf, Ferdinand Genz, Nancy Magnus, Birgit Piechulla, Allison S. Walker, Jörn Piel

    Bacterial multimodular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are giant enzymes that generate a wide range of therapeutically important but synthetically challenging natural products. Diversification of polyketide structures can be achieved by engineering these enzymes. However, notwithstanding successes made with textbook cis-acyltransferase (cis-AT) PKSs, tailoring such large assembly lines remains challenging

  •   Chiral ground states of ferroelectric liquid crystals
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Priyanka Kumari, Bijaya Basnet, Maxim O. Lavrentovich, Oleg D. Lavrentovich

    Ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals are formed by achiral molecules with large dipole moments. Their three-dimensional orientational order is described as unidirectionally polar. We demonstrate that the ground state of a flat slab of a ferroelectric nematic unconstrained by externally imposed alignment directions is chiral, with left- and right-handed twists of polarization. Although the helicoidal

  •   Structure and function of the Arabidopsis ABC transporter ABCB19 in brassinosteroid export
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Wei Ying, Yaowei Wang, Hong Wei, Yongming Luo, Qian Ma, Heyuan Zhu, Hilde Janssens, Nemanja Vukašinović, Miroslav Kvasnica, Johan M. Winne, Yongxiang Gao, Shutang Tan, Jiří Friml, Xin Liu, Eugenia Russinova, Linfeng Sun

    Brassinosteroids are steroidal phytohormones that regulate plant development and physiology, including adaptation to environmental stresses. Brassinosteroids are synthesized in the cell interior but bind receptors at the cell surface, necessitating a yet to be identified export mechanism. Here, we show that a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily, ABCB19, functions as a brassinosteroid

  •   Efficient formation of single-copy human artificial chromosomes
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-22
    Craig W. Gambogi, Gabriel J. Birchak, Elie Mer, David M. Brown, George Yankson, Kathryn Kixmoeller, Janardan N. Gavade, Josh L. Espinoza, Prakriti Kashyap, Chris L. Dupont, Glennis A. Logsdon, Patrick Heun, John I. Glass, Ben E. Black

    Large DNA assembly methodologies underlie milestone achievements in synthetic prokaryotic and budding yeast chromosomes. While budding yeast control chromosome inheritance through ~125-base pair DNA sequence-defined centromeres, mammals and many other eukaryotes use large, epigenetic centromeres. Harnessing centromere epigenetics permits human artificial chromosome (HAC) formation but is not sufficient

  •   Alcohol-alcohol cross-coupling enabled by S H 2 radical sorting
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Ruizhe Chen, Nicholas E. Intermaggio, Jiaxin Xie, James A. Rossi-Ashton, Colin A. Gould, Robert T. Martin, Jesús Alcázar, David W. C. MacMillan

    Alcohols represent a functional group class with unparalleled abundance and structural diversity. In an era of chemical synthesis that prioritizes reducing time to target and maximizing exploration of chemical space, harnessing these building blocks for carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions is a key goal in organic chemistry. In particular, leveraging a single activation mode to form a new C(sp 3 )–C(sp

  •   Debates on the nature of artificial general intelligence
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Melanie Mitchell

    The term “artificial general intelligence” (AGI) has become ubiquitous in current discourse around AI. OpenAI states that its mission is “to ensure that artificial general intelligence benefits all of humanity.” DeepMind’s company vision statement notes that “artificial general intelligence…has the potential to drive one of the greatest transformations in history.” AGI is mentioned prominently in the

  •   Spin-mediated promotion of Co catalysts for ammonia synthesis
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Ke Zhang, Ang Cao, Lau Halkier Wandall, Jerome Vernieres, Jakob Kibsgaard, Jens K. Nørskov, Ib Chorkendorff

    Over the past two decades, there has been growing interest in developing catalysts to enable Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis under milder conditions than currently pertain. Rational catalyst design requires theoretical guidance and clear mechanistic understanding. Recently, a spin-mediated promotion mechanism was proposed to activate traditionally unreactive magnetic materials such as cobalt (Co) for

  •   Spillover effects of organic agriculture on pesticide use on nearby fields
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Ashley E. Larsen, Frederik Noack, L. Claire Powers

    The environmental impacts of organic agriculture are only partially understood and whether such practices have spillover effects on pests or pest control activity in nearby fields remains unknown. Using about 14,000 field observations per year from 2013 to 2019 in Kern County, California, we postulate that organic crop producers benefit from surrounding organic fields decreasing overall pesticide use

  •   The propensity for covalent organic frameworks to template polymer entanglement
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    S. Ephraim Neumann, Junpyo Kwon, Cornelius Gropp, Le Ma, Raynald Giovine, Tianqiong Ma, Nikita Hanikel, Kaiyu Wang, Tiffany Chen, Shaan Jagani, Robert O. Ritchie, Ting Xu, Omar M. Yaghi

    The introduction of molecularly woven three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic framework (COF) crystals into polymers of varying types invokes different forms of contact between filler and polymer. Whereas the combination of woven COFs with amorphous and brittle polymethyl methacrylate results in surface interactions, the use of the liquid-crystalline polymer polyimide induces the formation of polymer-COF

  •   Overcoming limitations in propanedehydrogenation by codesigning catalyst-membrane systems
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Rawan Almallahi, James Wortman, Suljo Linic

    Propylene production through propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is endothermic, and high temperatures required to achieve acceptable propane conversions lead to low selectivity and severe carbon-induced deactivation of conventional catalysts. We developed a catalyst-membrane system that removes the hydrogen by-product and can thus achieve propane conversions that exceed equilibrium limits. In this codesigned

  •   Volatile communication in plants relies on a KAI2-mediated signaling pathway
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Shannon A. Stirling, Angelica M. Guercio, Ryan M. Patrick, Xing-Qi Huang, Matthew E. Bergman, Varun Dwivedi, Ruy W. J. Kortbeek, Yi-Kai Liu, Fuai Sun, W. Andy Tao, Ying Li, Benoît Boachon, Nitzan Shabek, Natalia Dudareva

    Plants are constantly exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are released during plant-plant communication, within-plant self-signaling, and plant-microbe interactions. Therefore, understanding VOC perception and downstream signaling is vital for unraveling the mechanisms behind information exchange in plants, which remain largely unexplored. Using the hormone-like function of volatile terpenoids

  •   Stable quantum-correlated many-body states through engineered dissipation
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    X. Mi, A. A. Michailidis, S. Shabani, K. C. Miao, P. V. Klimov, J. Lloyd, E. Rosenberg, R. Acharya, I. Aleiner, T. I. Andersen, M. Ansmann, F. Arute, K. Arya, A. Asfaw, J. Atalaya, J. C. Bardin, A. Bengtsson, G. Bortoli, A. Bourassa, J. Bovaird, L. Brill, M. Broughton, B. B. Buckley, D. A. Buell, T. Burger, B. Burkett, N. Bushnell, Z. Chen, B. Chiaro, D. Chik, C. Chou, J. Cogan, R. Collins, P. Conner

    Engineered dissipative reservoirs have the potential to steer many-body quantum systems toward correlated steady states useful for quantum simulation of high-temperature superconductivity or quantum magnetism. Using up to 49 superconducting qubits, we prepared low-energy states of the transverse-field Ising model through coupling to dissipative auxiliary qubits. In one dimension, we observed long-range

  •   Determination of single-molecule loading rate during mechanotransduction in cell adhesion
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Myung Hyun Jo, Paul Meneses, Olivia Yang, Claudia C. Carcamo, Sushil Pangeni, Taekjip Ha

    Cells connect with their environment through surface receptors and use physical tension in receptor–ligand bonds for various cellular processes. Single-molecule techniques have revealed bond strength by measuring “rupture force,” but it has long been recognized that rupture force is dependent on loading rate—how quickly force is ramped up. Thus, the physiological loading rate needs to be measured to

  •   Repeated co-option of HMG-box genes for sex determination in brown algae and animals
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Rémy Luthringer, Morgane Raphalen, Carla Guerra, Sébastien Colin, Claudia Martinho, Min Zheng, Masakazu Hoshino, Yacine Badis, Agnieszka P. Lipinska, Fabian B. Haas, Josué Barrera-Redondo, Vikram Alva, Susana M. Coelho

    In many eukaryotes, genetic sex determination is not governed by XX/XY or ZW/ZZ systems but by a specialized region on the poorly studied U (female) or V (male) sex chromosomes. Previous studies have hinted at the existence of a dominant male-sex factor on the V chromosome in brown algae, a group of multicellular eukaryotes distantly related to animals and plants. The nature of this factor has remained

  •   Structure and function of the Arabidopsis ABC transporter ABCB19 in brassinosteroid export
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Wei Ying, Yaowei Wang, Hong Wei, Yongming Luo, Qian Ma, Heyuan Zhu, Hilde Janssens, Nemanja Vukašinović, Miroslav Kvasnica, Johan M. Winne, Yongxiang Gao, Shutang Tan, Jiří Friml, Xin Liu, Eugenia Russinova, Linfeng Sun

    Brassinosteroids are steroidal phytohormones that regulate plant development and physiology, including adaptation to environmental stresses. Brassinosteroids are synthesized in the cell interior but bind receptors at the cell surface, necessitating a yet to be identified export mechanism. Here, we show that a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily, ABCB19, functions as a brassinosteroid

  •   Efficient formation of single-copy human artificial chromosomes
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Craig W. Gambogi, Gabriel J. Birchak, Elie Mer, David M. Brown, George Yankson, Kathryn Kixmoeller, Janardan N. Gavade, Josh L. Espinoza, Prakriti Kashyap, Chris L. Dupont, Glennis A. Logsdon, Patrick Heun, John I. Glass, Ben E. Black

    Large DNA assembly methodologies underlie milestone achievements in synthetic prokaryotic and budding yeast chromosomes. While budding yeast control chromosome inheritance through ~125-base pair DNA sequence-defined centromeres, mammals and many other eukaryotes use large, epigenetic centromeres. Harnessing centromere epigenetics permits human artificial chromosome (HAC) formation but is not sufficient

  •   Music and the mind
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    H. Holden Thorp

    When I was chancellor of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, I tried never to miss the annual concert of the Triangle Youth Symphony. When people asked me why I was such a regular, I complimented the music but also suggested that there were potential future college science majors on the stage. The strong correlation between scientific and musical ability is an association familiar to many

  •   Evolution-inspired engineering of nonribosomal peptide synthetases
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Kenan A. J. Bozhüyük, Leonard Präve, Carsten Kegler, Leonie Schenk, Sebastian Kaiser, Christian Schelhas, Yan-Ni Shi, Wolfgang Kuttenlochner, Max Schreiber, Joshua Kandler, Mohammad Alanjary, T. M. Mohiuddin, Michael Groll, Georg K. A. Hochberg, Helge B. Bode

    Many clinically used drugs are derived from or inspired by bacterial natural products that often are produced through nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), megasynthetases that activate and join individual amino acids in an assembly line fashion. In this work, we describe a detailed phylogenetic analysis of several bacterial NRPSs that led to the identification of yet undescribed recombination

  •   Chiral ground states of ferroelectric liquid crystals
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Priyanka Kumari, Bijaya Basnet, Maxim O. Lavrentovich, Oleg D. Lavrentovich

    Ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals are formed by achiral molecules with large dipole moments. Their three-dimensional orientational order is described as unidirectionally polar. We demonstrate that the ground state of a flat slab of a ferroelectric nematic unconstrained by externally imposed alignment directions is chiral, with left- and right-handed twists of polarization. Although the helicoidal

  •   Evolution-guided engineering of trans -acyltransferase polyketide synthases
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Mathijs F. J. Mabesoone, Stefan Leopold-Messer, Hannah A. Minas, Clara Chepkirui, Pornsuda Chawengrum, Silke Reiter, Roy A. Meoded, Sarah Wolf, Ferdinand Genz, Nancy Magnus, Birgit Piechulla, Allison S. Walker, Jörn Piel

    Bacterial multimodular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are giant enzymes that generate a wide range of therapeutically important but synthetically challenging natural products. Diversification of polyketide structures can be achieved by engineering these enzymes. However, notwithstanding successes made with textbook cis -acyltransferase ( cis -AT) PKSs, tailoring such large assembly lines remains challenging

  •   Adaptive introgression of a visual preference gene
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21
    Matteo Rossi, Alexander E. Hausmann, Pepe Alcami, Markus Moest, Rodaria Roussou, Steven M. Van Belleghem, Daniel Shane Wright, Chi-Yun Kuo, Daniela Lozano-Urrego, Arif Maulana, Lina Melo-Flórez, Geraldine Rueda-Muñoz, Saoirse McMahon, Mauricio Linares, Christof Osman, W. Owen McMillan, Carolina Pardo-Diaz, Camilo Salazar, Richard M. Merrill

    Visual preferences are important drivers of mate choice and sexual selection, but little is known of how they evolve at the genetic level. In this study, we took advantage of the diversity of bright warning patterns displayed by Heliconius butterflies, which are also used during mate choice. Combining behavioral, population genomic, and expression analyses, we show that two Heliconius species have

  •   Two-dimensional materials by large-scale computations and chemical exfoliation of layered solids
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Jonas Björk, Jie Zhou, Per O. Å. Persson, Johanna Rosen

    MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) materials typically formed by etching the A element from a parent MAX phase. Computational screening for other 3D precursors suitable for such exfoliation is challenging because of the intricate chemical processes involved. We present a theoretical approach for predicting 2D materials formed through chemical exfoliation under acidic conditions by identifying

  •   Electron injection and defect passivation for high-efficiency mesoporous perovskite solar cells
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Jiale Liu, Xiayan Chen, Kaizhong Chen, Wenming Tian, Yusong Sheng, Bin She, Youyu Jiang, Deyi Zhang, Yang Liu, Jianhang Qi, Kai Chen, Yongmin Ma, Zexiong Qiu, Chaoyang Wang, Yanfeng Yin, Shengli Zhao, Jing Leng, Shengye Jin, Wenshan Zhao, Yanyang Qin, Yaqiong Su, Xiaoyu Li, Xiaojiang Li, Yang Zhou, Yinhua Zhou, Furi Ling, Anyi Mei, Hongwei Han

    Printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p-MPSCs) do not require the added hole-transport layer needed in traditional p-n junctions but have also exhibited lower power conversion efficiencies of about 19%. We performed device simulation and carrier dynamics analysis to design a p-MPSC with mesoporous layers of semiconducting titanium dioxide, insulating zirconium dioxide, and conducting carbon

  •   Fork coupling directs DNA replication elongation and termination
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Yang Liu, Zhengrong Zhangding, Xuhao Liu, Tingting Gan, Chen Ai, Jinchun Wu, Haoxin Liang, Mohan Chen, Yuefeng Guo, Rusen Lu, Yongpeng Jiang, Xiong Ji, Ning Gao, Daochun Kong, Qing Li, Jiazhi Hu

    DNA replication is initiated at multiple loci to ensure timely duplication of eukaryotic genomes. Sister replication forks progress bidirectionally, and replication terminates when two convergent forks encounter one another. To investigate the coordination of replication forks, we developed a replication-associated in situ HiC method to capture chromatin interactions involving nascent DNA. We identify

  •   Continuous evolution of compact protein degradation tags regulated by selective molecular glues
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Jaron A. M. Mercer, Stephan J. DeCarlo, Shourya S. Roy Burman, Vedagopuram Sreekanth, Andrew T. Nelson, Moritz Hunkeler, Peter J. Chen, Katherine A. Donovan, Praveen Kokkonda, Praveen K. Tiwari, Veronika M. Shoba, Arghya Deb, Amit Choudhary, Eric S. Fischer, David R. Liu

    Conditional protein degradation tags (degrons) are usually >100 amino acids long or are triggered by small molecules with substantial off-target effects, thwarting their use as specific modulators of endogenous protein levels. We developed a phage-assisted continuous evolution platform for molecular glue complexes (MG-PACE) and evolved a 36–amino acid zinc finger (ZF) degron (SD40) that binds the ubiquitin

  •   Generalized fear after acute stress is caused by change in neuronal cotransmitter identity
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Hui-quan Li, Wuji Jiang, Li Ling, Marta Pratelli, Cong Chen, Vaidehi Gupta, Swetha K. Godavarthi, Nicholas C. Spitzer

    Overgeneralization of fear to harmless situations is a core feature of anxiety disorders resulting from acute stress, yet the mechanisms by which fear becomes generalized are poorly understood. In this study, we show that generalized fear in mice results from a transmitter switch from glutamate to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in serotonergic neurons of the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe. Similar change

  •   The DTC microbiome testing industry needs more regulation
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Diane E. Hoffmann, Erik C. von Rosenvinge, Mary-Claire Roghmann, Francis B. Palumbo, Daniel McDonald, Jacques Ravel

    A growing body of research has suggested the potential for improving human health by better understanding the human microbiome. This research has led to the emergence of a global industry selling direct-to-consumer (DTC) microbiome testing services. Regulation of this industry has been generally ignored despite its having made a mark on the lifestyle health and wellness market. Yet companies’ claims

  •   Structural basis of U12-type intron engagement by the fully assembled human minor spliceosome
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Rui Bai, Meng Yuan, Pu Zhang, Ting Luo, Yigong Shi, Ruixue Wan

    The minor spliceosome, which is responsible for the splicing of U12-type introns, comprises five small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), of which only one is shared with the major spliceosome. In this work, we report the 3.3-angstrom cryo–electron microscopy structure of the fully assembled human minor spliceosome pre-B complex. The atomic model includes U11 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP), U12 snRNP

  •   Switching on generalized fear
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Rene Hen, Samuel Schacher

    Fear is essential for survival, but its generalization to nondangerous environments can be harmful. Fear generalization occurs in many stress and trauma disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); yet, the mechanisms by which fear is generalized remain unclear. On page 1252 of this issue, Li et al. (1) report that in mice, generalized fear induced by acute stress results from a switch

  •   Big data in Earth science: Emerging practice and promise
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Tiffany C. Vance, Thomas Huang, Kevin A. Butler

    Improvements in the number and resolution of Earth- and satellite-based sensors coupled with finer-resolution models have resulted in an explosion in the volume of Earth science data. This data-rich environment is changing the practice of Earth science, extending it beyond discovery and applied science to new realms. This Review highlights recent big data applications in three subdisciplines—hydrology

  •   Reinforcing self-assembly of hole transport molecules for stable inverted perovskite solar cells
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Hongcai Tang, Zhichao Shen, Yangzi Shen, Ge Yan, Yanbo Wang, Qifeng Han, Liyuan Han

    Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been improved by the use of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) hole transport layer. Long-term stability of PSCs requires keeping the SAM compact under the perovskite layer during operation. We found that strong polar solvents in the perovskite precursor desorb the SAM if it is anchored on substrates by hydrogen-bonded

  •   A commercially viable solution process to control long-chain branching in polyethylene
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Robert D. Froese, Daniel J. Arriola, Jaap den Doelder, Jianbo Hou, Teresita Kashyap, Keran Lu, Luca Martinetti, Bryan D. Stubbert

    In polyolefins, long-chain branching is introduced through an energy-intensive, high-pressure radical process to form low-density polyethylene (LDPE). In the current work, we demonstrated a ladder-like polyethylene architecture through solution polymerization of ethylene and less than 1 mole % of α,ω-dienes, using a dual-chain catalyst. The ladder-branching mechanism requires catalysts with two growing

  •   Dispersal stabilizes coupled ecological and evolutionary dynamics in a host-parasitoid system
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Lucas A. Nell, Miriam Kishinevsky, Michael J. Bosch, Calvin Sinclair, Karuna Bhat, Nathan Ernst, Hamze Boulaleh, Kerry M. Oliver, Anthony R. Ives

    When ecological and evolutionary dynamics occur on comparable timescales, persistence of the ensuing eco-evolutionary dynamics requires both ecological and evolutionary stability. This unites key questions in ecology and evolution: How do species coexist, and what maintains genetic variation in a population? In this work, we investigated a host-parasitoid system in which pea aphid hosts rapidly evolve

  •   Antibacterial activity of nonantibiotics is orthogonal to standard antibiotics
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Mariana Noto Guillen, Carmen Li, Brittany Rosener, Amir Mitchell

    Numerous nonantibiotic drugs have potent antibacterial activity and can adversely impact the human microbiome. The mechanistic underpinning of this toxicity remains largely unknown. We investigated the antibacterial activity of 200 drugs using genetic screens with thousands of barcoded Escherichia coli knockouts. We analyzed 2 million gene-drug interactions underlying drug-specific toxicity. Network-based

  •   Sister chromatid cohesion establishment during DNA replication termination
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    George Cameron, Dominika T. Gruszka, Rhian Gruar, Sherry Xie, Çağla Kaya, Kim A. Nasmyth, Jonathan Baxter, Madhusudhan Srinivasan, Hasan Yardimci

    Newly copied sister chromatids are tethered together by the cohesin complex, but how sister chromatid cohesion is coordinated with DNA replication is poorly understood. Prevailing models suggest cohesin complexes, bound to DNA before replication, remain behind the advancing replication fork to keep sister chromatids together. By visualizing single replication forks colliding with pre-loaded cohesin

  •   Diversity begets stability: Sublinear growth and competitive coexistence across ecosystems
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Ian A. Hatton, Onofrio Mazzarisi, Ada Altieri, Matteo Smerlak

    The worldwide loss of species diversity brings urgency to understanding how diverse ecosystems maintain stability. Whereas early ecological ideas and classic observations suggested that stability increases with diversity, ecological theory makes the opposite prediction, leading to the long-standing “diversity-stability debate.” Here, we show that this puzzle can be resolved if growth scales as a sublinear

  •   Grid-plainification enables medium-temperature PbSe thermoelectrics to cool better than Bi 2 Te 3
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Yongxin Qin, Bingchao Qin, Tao Hong, Xiao Zhang, Dongyang Wang, Dongrui Liu, Zi-Yuan Wang, Lizhong Su, Sining Wang, Xiang Gao, Zhen-Hua Ge, Li-Dong Zhao

    Thermoelectric cooling technology has important applications for processes such as precise temperature control in intelligent electronics. The bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3 )–based coolers currently in use are limited by the scarcity of Te and less-than-ideal cooling capability. We demonstrate how removing lattice vacancies through a grid-design strategy switched PbSe from being useful as a medium-temperature

  •   Antibacterial activity of nonantibiotics is orthogonal to standard antibiotics
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Mariana Noto Guillen, Carmen Li, Brittany Rosener, Amir Mitchell

    Numerous nonantibiotic drugs have potent antibacterial activity and can adversely impact the human microbiome. The mechanistic underpinning of this toxicity remains largely unknown. We investigated the antibacterial activity of 200 drugs using genetic screens with thousands of barcoded Escherichia coli knockouts. We analyzed 2 million gene-drug interactions underlying drug-specific toxicity. Network-based

  •   Continuous evolution of compact protein degradation tags regulated by selective molecular glues
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Jaron A. M. Mercer, Stephan J. DeCarlo, Shourya S. Roy Burman, Vedagopuram Sreekanth, Andrew T. Nelson, Moritz Hunkeler, Peter J. Chen, Katherine A. Donovan, Praveen Kokkonda, Praveen K. Tiwari, Veronika M. Shoba, Arghya Deb, Amit Choudhary, Eric S. Fischer, David R. Liu

    Conditional protein degradation tags (degrons) are usually >100 amino acids long or are triggered by small molecules with substantial off-target effects, thwarting their use as specific modulators of endogenous protein levels. We developed a phage-assisted continuous evolution platform for molecular glue complexes (MG-PACE) and evolved a 36–amino acid zinc finger (ZF) degron (SD40) that binds the ubiquitin

  •   Oral administration of obeldesivir protects nonhuman primates against Sudan ebolavirus
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Robert W. Cross, Courtney Woolsey, Victor C. Chu, Darius Babusis, Roy Bannister, Meghan S. Vermillion, Romas Geleziunas, Kimberly T. Barrett, Elaine Bunyan, Anh-Quan Nguyen, Tomas Cihlar, Danielle P. Porter, Abhishek N. Prasad, Daniel J. Deer, Viktoriya Borisevich, Krystle N. Agans, Jasmine Martinez, Mack B. Harrison, Natalie S. Dobias, Karla A. Fenton, John P. Bilello, Thomas W. Geisbert

    Obeldesivir (ODV, GS-5245) is an orally administered prodrug of the parent nucleoside of remdesivir (RDV) and is presently in phase 3 trials for COVID-19 treatment. In this work, we show that ODV and its circulating parent nucleoside metabolite, GS-441524, have similar in vitro antiviral activity against filoviruses, including Marburg virus, Ebola virus, and Sudan virus (SUDV). We also report that

  •   A commercially viable solution process to control long-chain branching in polyethylene
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Robert D. Froese, Daniel J. Arriola, Jaap den Doelder, Jianbo Hou, Teresita Kashyap, Keran Lu, Luca Martinetti, Bryan D. Stubbert

    In polyolefins, long-chain branching is introduced through an energy-intensive, high-pressure radical process to form low-density polyethylene (LDPE). In the current work, we demonstrated a ladder-like polyethylene architecture through solution polymerization of ethylene and less than 1 mole % of α,ω-dienes, using a dual-chain catalyst. The ladder-branching mechanism requires catalysts with two growing

  •   Two-dimensional materials by large-scale computations and chemical exfoliation of layered solids
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Jonas Björk, Jie Zhou, Per O. Å. Persson, Johanna Rosen

    MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) materials typically formed by etching the A element from a parent MAX phase. Computational screening for other 3D precursors suitable for such exfoliation is challenging because of the intricate chemical processes involved. We present a theoretical approach for predicting 2D materials formed through chemical exfoliation under acidic conditions by identifying

  •   Electron injection and defect passivation for high-efficiency mesoporous perovskite solar cells
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Jiale Liu, Xiayan Chen, Kaizhong Chen, Wenming Tian, Yusong Sheng, Bin She, Youyu Jiang, Deyi Zhang, Yang Liu, Jianhang Qi, Kai Chen, Yongmin Ma, Zexiong Qiu, Chaoyang Wang, Yanfeng Yin, Shengli Zhao, Jing Leng, Shengye Jin, Wenshan Zhao, Yanyang Qin, Yaqiong Su, Xiaoyu Li, Xiaojiang Li, Yang Zhou, Yinhua Zhou, Furi Ling, Anyi Mei, Hongwei Han

    Printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p-MPSCs) do not require the added hole-transport layer needed in traditional p-n junctions but have also exhibited lower power conversion efficiencies of about 19%. We performed device simulation and carrier dynamics analysis to design a p-MPSC with mesoporous layers of semiconducting titanium dioxide, insulating zirconium dioxide, and conducting carbon

  •   Reverse EU’s growing greenlash
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Guillaume Chapron

    After several weeks of violent protests, European farmers have achieved a tactical triumph that does not bode well for the future of environmental policies. In response to the demonstrations, the European Commission has enacted a derogation in the European Union’s (EU’s) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to set aside 4% of farmland for biodiversity and landscape protection, withdrawn a bill to halve

  •   Dispersal stabilizes coupled ecological and evolutionary dynamics in a host-parasitoid system
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Lucas A. Nell, Miriam Kishinevsky, Michael J. Bosch, Calvin Sinclair, Karuna Bhat, Nathan Ernst, Hamze Boulaleh, Kerry M. Oliver, Anthony R. Ives

    When ecological and evolutionary dynamics occur on comparable timescales, persistence of the ensuing eco-evolutionary dynamics requires both ecological and evolutionary stability. This unites key questions in ecology and evolution: How do species coexist, and what maintains genetic variation in a population? In this work, we investigated a host-parasitoid system in which pea aphid hosts rapidly evolve

  •   Sister chromatid cohesion establishment during DNA replication termination
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    George Cameron, Dominika T. Gruszka, Rhian Gruar, Sherry Xie, Çağla Kaya, Kim A. Nasmyth, Jonathan Baxter, Madhusudhan Srinivasan, Hasan Yardimci

    Newly copied sister chromatids are tethered together by the cohesin complex, but how sister chromatid cohesion is coordinated with DNA replication is poorly understood. Prevailing models suggest cohesin complexes, bound to DNA before replication, remain behind the advancing replication fork to keep sister chromatids together. By visualizing single replication forks colliding with pre-loaded cohesin

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