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Lunar Mare Basaltic Volcanism: Volcanic Features and Emplacement Processes Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 James W. Head, Lionel Wilson, Harald Hiesinger, Carolyn van der Bogert, Yuan Chen, James L. Dickson, Lisa R. Gaddis, Junichi Haruyama, Erica R. Jawin, Lauren M. Jozwiak, Chunlai Li, Jianzhong Liu, Tomokatsu Morota, Debra H. Needham, Lillian R. Ostrach, Carle M. Pieters, Tabb C. Prissel, Yuqi Qian, Le Qiao, Malcolm R. Rutherford, David R. Scott, Jennifer L. Whitten, Long Xiao, Feng Zhang, Ouyang Ziyuan
Volcanism is a fundamental process in the geological evolution of the Moon, providing clues to the composition and structure of the mantle, the location and duration of interior melting, the nature of convection and lunar thermal evolution. Progress in understanding volcanism has been remarkable in the short 60-year span of the Space Age. Before Sputnik 1 in 1957, the lunar farside was unknown, the
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The Lunar Cratering Chronology Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 H. Hiesinger, C.H. van der Bogert, G. Michael, N. Schmedemann, W. Iqbal, S.J. Robbins, B. Ivanov, J.-P. Williams, M. Zanetti, J. Plescia, L. R. Ostrach, J.W. Head
The Moon is a unique body in our Solar System that allows us to groundtruth remote-sensing data (e.g., crater size–frequency distributions, or CSFDs, crater/rock degradation rates, mineralogy, composition) of the Apollo and Luna landing sites with well-characterized samples that have been investigated and dated in terrestrial laboratories (e.g., Hartmann 1966; Greeley and Gault 1970; Papanastassiou
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Lunar Magnetism Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Mark A. Wieczorek, Benjamin P. Weiss, Doris Breuer, David Cébron, Mike Fuller, Ian Garrick-Bethell, Jérôme Gattacceca, Jasper S. Halekas, Douglas J. Hemingway, Lon L. Hood, Matthieu Laneuville, Francis Nimmo, Rona Oran, Michael E. Purucker, Tina Rückriemen, Krista M. Soderlund, Sonia M. Tikoo
Analyses of lunar rocks and magnetic field data from orbit show that the Moon once had a global magnetic field generated by an internal dynamo. Magnetization of the deep crust implies that a dynamo operated during the first 100 million years following crust formation and magnetization of some impact basins implies that the dynamo continued into the Nectarian period. Paleomagnetic analyses of Apollo
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Tectonics of the Moon Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Amanda L. Nahm, Thomas R. Watters, Catherine L. Johnson, Maria E. Banks, Carolyn H. van der Bogert, Renee C. Weber, Jeffrey C. Andrews-Hanna
In less than a decade, the long-held view that the tectonics of the Moon were largely just a consequence of the evolution of the near side mare basins has been changed dramatically. The discovery of a vast population of small-scale lobate thrust fault scarps in images returned by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) has provided evidence that the Moon experienced global-scale tectonics. Efforts
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The Structure and Evolution of the Lunar Interior Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Jeffrey C. Andrews-Hanna, Renee C. Weber, Ian Garrick-Bethell, Alexander J. Evans, Walter S. Kiefer, Robert E. Grimm, James T. Keane, Matthieu Laneuville, Yoshiaki Ishihara, Shunichi Kamata, Isamu Matsuyama
The internal structure of the Moon, from surface to core, preserves a record of its evolution from accretion to present-day. The structure of the Moon is unique in the Solar System by virtue of its small core radius relative to its planetary radius, plagioclase-rich crust, and highly heterogeneous crustal distribution of heat producing elements. This bulk structure is largely a consequence of the accretion
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Surface Volatiles on the Moon Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Dana M. Hurley, Matthew A. Siegler, Joshua T. S. Cahill, Anthony Colaprete, Emily Costello, Ariel N. Deutsch, Richard C. Elphic, Wenzhe Fa, Cesare Grava, Paul O. Hayne, Jennifer Heldmann, Amanda R. Hendrix, Andrew P. Jordan, Rosemary M. Killen, Rachel L. Klima, Georgiana Kramer, Shuai Li, Yang Liu, Paul G. Lucey, Erwan Mazarico, Yvonne Pendleton, Michael Poston, Parvathy Prem, Kurt D. Retherford, Micah
Discovery of water in lunar samples and on the lunar surface has opened a new chapter in lunar exploration. In addition to their potential utility, water and other volatile compounds can record a vast amount of information about the evolution of the Moon and migration of material throughout the Solar System. This chapter centers on volatile species (H2O, OH, CO2, Ar, etc.) identified and theorized
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Magmatic Evolution II: A New View of Post-Differentiation Magmatism Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Charles Shearer, Clive R. Neal, Timothy D. Glotch, Tabb C. Prissel, Aaron S. Bell, Vera Assis Fernandes, Lisa R. Gaddis, Bradley L. Jolliff, Matthieu Laneuville, Tomáš Magna, Justin Simon
Just as the use of new tools revolutionized lunar science in 1610 (Galileo’s telescope), 1840 (photography), and 1960s–1970s and 1990s (over 45 robotic and human missions to the Moon), data from science-driven, international lunar missions that have flown since 2000 (Gaddis et al. 2023, this volume) and technology-driven sample observations and computational methods have provided a 21st century perspective
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Lunar Meteorites Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Katherine H. Joy, Juliane Gross, Randy L. Korotev, Ryan A. Zeigler, Francis M. McCubbin, Joshua F. Snape, Natalie M. Curran, John F. Pernet-Fisher, Tomoko Arai
Lunar meteorites are fragments of consolidated rock that were ejected from the Moon when it was struck by an impacting asteroid or comet, entered an Earth-crossing orbit, and survived entry through the Earth’s atmosphere, landing on Earth as a meteorite. All lunar meteorites are collected as finds—to date none have been witnessed as a lunar meteorite fall event. They have been recovered from both hot-
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Space Weathering At The Moon Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Brett W. Denevi, Sarah K. Noble, Roy Christoffersen, Michelle S. Thompson, Timothy D. Glotch, David T. Blewett, Ian Garrick-Bethell, Jeffrey J. Gillis-Davis, Benjamin T. Greenhagen, Amanda R. Hendrix, Dana M. Hurley, Lindsay P. Keller, Georgiana Y. Kramer, David Trang
The Earth is cradled in an atmosphere that burns up small impactors before they reach the surface, and a magnetosphere that largely shields the surface from solar and cosmic particle radiation. The Moon and other airless planetary bodies lack such protection, and their surfaces, laid bare to the space environment, continually interact with, and are altered by this environment.Large impacts have shaped
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Lunar Impact Features and Processes Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Gordon R. Osinski, H. Jay Melosh, Jeff Andrews-Hanna, David Baker, Brett Denevi, Deepak Dhingra, Rebecca Ghent, Paul O. Hayne, Patrick Hill, Peter B. James, Steven Jaret, Brandon Johnson, Thomas Kenkmann, David Kring, Prasun Mahanti, David Minton, Catherine D. Neish, Greg Neumann, Jeff Plescia, Ross W. K. Potter, Jim Richardson, Elizabeth A. Silber, Jason M. Soderblom, Michael Zanetti, Nicolle Zellner
This chapter is dedicated to H. Jay Melosh who tragically passed away during this endeavor. From his earliest publications on the concept of acoustic fluidization, to the publication of his landmark book Impact Cratering—A Geologic Process in 1989, to his latest contributions to the paper by Trowbridge et al. (2020) cited herein on understanding of the South Pole-Aiken basin, Jay’s contributions to
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The Evolution of the Lunar Crust Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Stephen M. Elardo, Carle M. Pieters, Deepak Dhingra, Kerri L. Donaldson Hanna, Timothy D. Glotch, Benjamin T. Greenhagen, Juliane Gross, James W. Head, Bradley L. Jolliff, Rachel L. Klima, Tomáš Magna, Francis M. McCubbin, Makiko Ohtake
1609 AD marked the beginning of the modern scientific exploration of the Moon’s crust when Thomas Harriot and later Galileo Galilei made the first recorded maps of the nearside with telescopic observations. Galileo’s observations in particular, using a more advanced telescope than was previously available, revealed lunar surface features and topography in detail, effectively refuting the view from
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Preface Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01
Much has happened in the world in the 17 years since the first New Views of the Moon (NVM) was published as volume 60 of the Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry series. The original New Views of the Moon (published in 2006) was motivated by new results that came from two new missions to the Moon, Clementine (1994) and Lunar Prospector (1998), along with some 30 years
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Recent Exploration of the Moon: Science from Lunar Missions Since 2006 Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Lisa R. Gaddis, Katherine H. Joy, Ben J. Bussey, James D. Carpenter, Ian A. Crawford, Richard C. Elphic, Jasper S. Halekas, Samuel J. Lawrence, Long Xiao
Exploration of the Moon has been a goal of humankind for millennia, and in recent decades enormous advances in lunar knowledge have resulted from orbital, landed, robotic, and human exploration and sample return (Spudis 2001; National Research Council 2007; Jaumann et al. 2012; Crawford and Joy 2014; Lunar Exploration Analysis Group 2016a). The Moon still retains the marks of human footprints, and
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Magmatic Evolution I: Initial Differentiation of the Moon Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Amy M. Gaffney, Juliane Gross, Lars E. Borg, Kerri L. Donaldson Hanna, David S. Draper, Nick Dygert, Lindy T. Elkins-Tanton, Kelsey B. Prissel, Tabb C. Prissel, Edgar S. Steenstra, Wim van Westrenen
In this chapter, we present and discuss in detail current and novel advances in our understanding of the processes that drove primordial differentiation of the Moon. This chapter focuses on four avenues of study: 1) data and observations generated from remote sensing missions, 2) experimental investigations of magma ocean crystallization processes, 3) physiochemical modeling of magma ocean processes
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The Dust, Atmosphere, and Plasma at the Moon Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 William M. Farrell, Jasper S. Halekas, Mihaly Horányi, Rosemary M. Killen, Cesare Grava, Jamey R. Szalay, Mehdi Benna, Pamela E. Clark, Michael R. Collier, Anthony Colaprete, Jan Deca, Richard C. Elphic, Shahab Fatemi, Yoshifumi Futaana, Mats Holmström, Dana M. Hurley, Georgiana Y. Kramer, Paul R. Mahaffy, Masaki N. Nishino, Sarah K. Noble, Yoshifumi Saito, Andrew R. Poppe, Kurt D. Retherford, Xu Wang
The topics of lofted dust, ejected atomic and molecular species, and plasma interactions at the Moon have made revolutionary strides since the last ‘New Views of the Moon’ review in 2006 (Jolliff et al. 2006). Specifically, in the last 13 years, there have been over a half-dozen spacecraft that are dedicated, wholly or in part, to the study of this neutral, ionized, and particulate atmosphere at the
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Origin of the Moon Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Robin M. Canup, Kevin Righter, Nicolas Dauphas, Kaveh Pahlevan, Matija Ćuk, Simon J. Lock, Sarah T. Stewart, Julien Salmon, Raluca Rufu, Miki Nakajima, Tomáš Magna
The Earth–Moon system is unusual in several respects. The Moon is roughly ¼ the radius of the Earth—a larger satellite-to-planet size ratio than all known satellites other than Pluto’s Charon. The Moon has a tiny core, perhaps with only ~1% of its mass, in contrast to Earth whose core contains nearly 30% of its mass. The Earth–Moon system has a high total angular momentum, implying a rapidly spinning
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Lunar Surface Processes Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 J.B. Plescia, J. Cahill, B. Greenhagen, P. Hayne, P. Mahanti, M.S. Robinson, P.D. Spudis, M. Siegler, A. Stickle, J.P. Williams, M. Zanetti, N. Zellner
The modern surface of the Moon is primarily influenced by impact processes. While volcanism was active until perhaps 3.0 Ga and tectonic activity may still persist, it is the integrated effects of impacts that have produced the primary topography and controlled the physical properties of the surface materials (the regolith). Impact processes per se are discussed elsewhere (Osinski et al. 2023, this
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Impact History of the Moon Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Barbara A. Cohen, Carolyn H. van der Bogert, William F. Bottke, Natalie M. Curran, Caleb I. Fassett, Harald Hiesinger, Katherine H. Joy, Sara Mazrouei, Alexander Nemchin, Gregory A. Neumann, Marc V. Norman, Nicolle E. B. Zellner
Establishing an absolute lunar impact chronology has important ramifications for understanding the early structure of the Solar System, to understand the evolution of both the dynamics and composition of the bodies. Our existing understanding of inner Solar System chronology is anchored to the crater density and analogy with impact flux rates on the Moon. The topic of lunar impact history has been
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Endogenous Lunar Volatiles Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Francis M. McCubbin, Jessica J. Barnes, Peng Ni, Hejiu Hui, Rachel L. Klima, David Burney, James M. D. Day, Tomáš Magna, Jeremy W. Boyce, Romain Tartèse, Kathleen E. Vander Kaaden, Edgar Steenstra, Stephen M. Elardo, Ryan A. Zeigler, Mahesh Anand, Yang Liu
The intrinsic properties of the elements and their resulting behavior in natural systems represent the underpinnings of geochemistry as a scientific discipline (Goldschmidt 1937). One of the most valuable intrinsic properties of an element is its volatility. The volatility of an element is most commonly expressed as a 50% condensation temperature, which corresponds to the temperature at which 50% of
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Lunar Resources Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Ian A. Crawford, Mahesh Anand, Simeon Barber, Aidan Cowley, Sarah Crites, Wenzhe Fa, Jessica Flahaut, Lisa R. Gaddis, Ben Greenhagen, Junichi Haruyama, Dana Hurley, Claire L. McLeod, Andrew Morse, Clive R. Neal, Hannah Sargeant, Elliot Sefton-Nash, Romain Tartèse
It has long been recognised (e.g., Ehricke 1985; Spudis 1996, 2016; Duke et al. 2006; Benaroya 2010; Kornuta et al. 2019) that the Moon has the potential to play a pivotal role in the development of a future space-faring civilisation. Indeed, as noted by Duke et al. (2006) in their chapter on the “Development of the Moon” in the first edition of this book (Jolliff et al. 2006a; hereinafter NVM I),
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Experimental Petrology Applied to Natural Diamond Growth Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Robert W. Luth, Yuri N. Palyanov, Hélène Bureau
Perhaps the first point to address in this chapter is what role, or roles, experimental petrology can play in understanding the formation of natural diamond. As can be seen from the other chapters in this volume, there is a rich diversity of diamonds—even confining ourselves to terrestrial examples, there are diamonds that form in impacts, those that are found in ophiolites and in UHP metamorphic rocks
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Non-cratonic Diamonds from UHP Metamorphic Terranes, Ophiolites and Volcanic Sources Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Larissa F. Dobrzhinetskaya, Earl F. O’Bannon, Hirochika Sumino
The discovery of diamonds in metamorphic rocks of continental affinities occurred shortly after the discovery of coesite in similar rocks. These important discoveries led to a revolution in our understanding of the subduction and exhumation of continental materials and the establishment of a new discipline, ultra-high-pressure metamorphism (UHPM). After these discoveries more ultra-high pressure (UHP)
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Preface Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Karen Smit, Steve Shirey, Graham Pearson, Thomas Stachel, Fabrizio Nestola, Thomas Moses
After more than 80 volumes of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (RiMG), we now have a volume on diamond—Diamond: Genesis, Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Diamond is the record-setter in many mineralogical properties such as hardness, diffusivity, thermal conductivity, purity, and covalency of bonding. Similarly, diamond, as the premier gemstone of the mantle holds primacy for geological features
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Geochronology of Diamonds Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Karen V. Smit, Suzette Timmerman, Sonja Aulbach, Steven B. Shirey, Stephen H. Richardson, David Phillips, D. Graham Pearson
Diamond crystallization ages are essential information for science and industry, leading to an understanding of how, why, and where diamonds form in Earth and how best to find them. Such knowledge is of prime importance for constraining the source and mobility of volatile-rich diamond-forming fluids in the mantle and the nature of the geodynamic processes that release these fluids.Geochronology using
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Raman Identification of Inclusions in Diamond Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Evan M. Smith, Mandy Y. Krebs, Philomena-Theresa Genzel, Frank E. Brenker
Diamonds and their inclusions are some of the most scientifically valuable samples of the Earth (Haggerty 1999; Shirey et al. 2019). Among the analytical techniques used to study diamonds, Raman spectroscopy offers several advantages that make it an appealing tool for characterizing inclusions. It is a relatively low-cost, rapid, and non-destructive option, requiring minimal sample preparation, if
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Diamond Spectroscopy, Defect Centers, Color, and Treatments Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Ben L. Green, Alan T. Collins, Christopher M. Breeding
Optical spectroscopy is a valuable non-destructive technique for the study of many materials. For diamond it is used for fundamental research to enhance our knowledge about this remarkable material; it is used in gem-testing laboratories to determine whether a diamond is natural or synthetic and whether its color is natural or has been enhanced by treatment; and it is used in the characterization and
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Polycrystalline Diamonds from Kimberlites: Snapshots of Rapid and Episodic Diamond Formation in the Lithospheric Mantle Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Dorrit E. Jacob, Sami Mikhail
Monocrystalline diamonds are the most valuable diamond type, economically. However, there are other varieties of diamond forged in Earth’s lithospheric mantle, which, while not economically profitable, are of considerable value to the geosciences. Most prominent amongst these are fibrous diamonds (Weiss et al. 2022, this volume) and polycrystalline diamond aggregates (PDAs). Polycrystalline diamond
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Synthesis of Diamonds and Their Identification Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Ulrika F. S. D’Haenens-Johansson, James E. Butler, Andrey N. Katrusha
Since 1797, when Tennant demonstrated that diamond consists solely of elemental carbon by comparing the volume of carbon dioxide formed by burning identical weights of charcoal and diamond (Tennant 1797), scientists have been trying to synthesize diamond by converting various carbon-containing substances. Several attempts followed, but it would take over 150 years of continued research before the first
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Fluid Inclusions in Fibrous Diamonds Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Yaakov Weiss, Janina Czas, Oded Navon
Most diamonds are metasomatic minerals, which means they grew from fluids or melts that moved through solid mantle rocks and chemically interacted with them. The involvement of fluids was recognized in the early days of diamond research (e.g., Sobolev 1960; Kennedy and Nordie 1968; Meyer and Boyd 1972; Harte et al. 1980) and was mostly attributed to kimberlite melts (either the erupting kimberlite
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Geochemistry of Silicate and Oxide Inclusions in Sublithospheric Diamonds Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Michael J. Walter, Andrew R. Thomson, Evan M. Smith
Minerals included in diamonds provide direct information about the petrologic and chemical environment of diamond crystallization. They record information relating to local and regional mantle processes and provide important contextual information for global-scale tectonic interpretations (Stachel et al. 2005; Stachel and Harris 2008; Harte 2010; Shirey et al. 2013, 2019). Most mined inclusion-bearing
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Carbon and Nitrogen in Mantle-Derived Diamonds Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Thomas Stachel, Pierre Cartigny, Thomas Chacko, D. Graham Pearson
This chapter is devoted to the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope compositions of terrestrial diamonds with a strong focus on monocrystalline diamonds formed in Earth’s mantle. The wealth of C- and N-stable isotope studies forces us to make some choices to keep this chapter within an acceptable length. Here, we focus on both the ground-breaking early diamond stable isotope studies as well as the latest
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Pressure and Temperature Data for Diamonds Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Paolo Nimis
One of the key scientific questions about diamonds is “how are they formed?” To answer this question, we need to know the diamond-forming reactions and the physicochemical conditions under which these reactions take place. The pressure (P) and temperature (T) of diamond formation are an essential part of this knowledge and their assessment is pivotal to develop predictive scenarios of diamond distribution
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Crystallographic Methods for Non-destructive Characterization of Mineral Inclusions in Diamonds Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Ross J. Angel, Matteo Alvaro, Fabrizio Nestola
The mineralogy and chemical compositions of inclusions in diamonds are the primary source of information about the environment in which diamonds grow and help constrain the mechanisms of their growth. However, the vast majority of the information about inclusions has been gathered by extracting them from their diamonds, thus destroying all possibility of obtaining further information about the diamond–inclusion
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Morphology of Monocrystalline Diamond and its Inclusions Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Jeff W. Harris, Karen V. Smit, Yana Fedortchouk, Moreton Moore
Since first being discovered in India over 2000 years ago, the most striking and universally recognized shape of an uncut diamond is the octahedron. This shape was revered from early times, in part because of the hardness of the crystal, but principally because of the ability of that crystal to display a spectrum of color in its uncut state. To ancient people, this property gave the crystal mystical
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Mineral Inclusions in Lithospheric Diamonds Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Thomas Stachel, Sonja Aulbach, Jeffrey W. Harris
Initially, it may seem extremely daunting to be sitting in front of several thousand carats of small diamonds, knowing that the likelihood of finding a diamond with a meaningful inclusion is about 1% of that parcel. Like other events in life, however, the joy of finding such material soon outweighs the perceived hardship. Mineral inclusions in diamond provide unique and pristine information about inner
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A Review of the Geology of Global Diamond Mines and Deposits Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Bruce A. Kjarsgaard, Mike de Wit, Larry M. Heaman, D. Graham Pearson, Johann Stiefenhofer, Nicole Janusczcak, Steven B. Shirey
Diamond is not a common rock-forming mineral (an exception being “diamondite”; see Jacob and Mikhail 2022, this volume) nor a common crustal mineral (the exceptions being “UHP diamonds”; see Dobrzhinetskaya et al. 2022, this volume); it is a scarce or minor mantle mineral whose rarity belies its importance in understanding mantle geochemistry and dynamics, as the numerous chapters in this volume attest
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Standardization for the Triple Oxygen Isotope System: Waters, Silicates, Carbonates, Air, and Sulfates Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Zachary D. Sharp, Jordan A.G. Wostbrock
Stable isotope analyses are a relative measurement. The precision is far higher than the accuracy, so that subtle isotopic differences must be made relative to a reference. Modern mass spectrometers can routinely measure the δ18O value of a gas with a precision of 0.01‰. This is 20 times more precise than the accuracy of the 18O/16O ratio of VSMOW (Baertschi 1976). It is for this reason that isotope
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Preface Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Ilya Bindeman, Andreas Pack
Since the first volume of the Reviews in Mineralogy was published in 1974, this series (expanded to Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry in 2000) has grown to an invaluable library comprising 86 volumes on various topics related to mineralogy and geochemistry. Often a volume from that series is given by an advisor to a young graduate student or postdoc as a roadmap when they enter a new research
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Why Measure 17 O? Historical Perspective, Triple-Isotope Systematics and Selected Applications Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Martin F. Miller, Andreas Pack
For many years, it was considered that measurements of the least abundant stable isotope of oxygen, 17O, would not provide any information additional to that obtainable from determinations of the 18O/16O abundance ratio, which, by being a factor of ~5.2 larger than 17O/16O, can be measured more easily. Here, we summarize significant events in the historical development of oxygen stable isotope ratio
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Mass-Independent Fractionation of Oxygen Isotopes in the Atmosphere Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Marah Brinjikji, James R. Lyons
We review the O isotope modeling in the atmosphere below 100 km, which is a large and active area of research. Our review will not be exhaustive but instead will highlight some of the key papers on the topic over the past nearly 30 years. We focus our review on modeling the mass-independent fractionation signatures associated with O3 formation and other species that photochemically interact with O3
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Isotopic Traces of Atmospheric O 2 in Rocks, Minerals, and Melts Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Andreas Pack
In this chapter I review some of the knowledge about the oxygen isotope exchange between air O2, rocks, minerals, melts, including some technical products. The rise of free atmospheric molecular oxygen since the great oxygenation event at the Archean–Proterozoic boundary 2.3 Ga ago (Farquhar et al. 2000; Luo et al. 2016) was one of the major events of the Earth environment. The triple oxygen isotope
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Mass Dependence of Equilibrium Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in Carbonate, Nitrate, Oxide, Perchlorate, Phosphate, Silicate, and Sulfate Minerals Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Edwin A. Schauble, Edward D. Young
Variation in both 18O/16O and 17O/16O ratios in natural materials can now be measured with unprecedented precision, with a broad range of potential geochemical applications. In this chapter, equilibrium 18O/16O and 17O/16O fractionation factors are calculated for a selection of minerals and molecules, using first-principles density functional theory models to estimate vibrational frequencies, with
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Climbing to the Top of Mount Fuji: Uniting Theory and Observations of Oxygen Triple Isotope Systematics Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Laurence Y. Yeung, Justin A. Hayles
The near-simultaneous discovery of both minor isotopes of oxygen in 1929 was a watershed moment for modern science, to say nothing of its impacts on isotope geochemistry. At the time, oxygen was the international standard for atomic weight, as it had been for over twenty-five years. However, chemists and physicists had grown fond of different definitions: physicists used the weight of the 16O atom
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Triple Oxygen Isotope Variations in Earth’s Crust Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Daniel Herwartz
Analyzing classic 18O/16O ratios in solids, liquids and gases has proven useful in almost every branch of earth science. As reviewed in this book, additional 17O analysis generally help to better constrain the underlying fractionation mechanisms providing a more solid basis to quantify geologic processes. Mass independent fractionation (MIF) effects known from meteorites and atmospheric gases (Clayton
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Triple Oxygen Isotopes in Evolving Continental Crust, Granites, and Clastic Sediments Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Ilya N. Bindeman
This Chapter considers triple oxygen isotope variations and their 4 Gyr temporal evolution in bulk siliciclastic sedimentary rocks and in granites. The δ18O and ∆′17O values provide new insights into weathering in the modern and ancient hydrosphere and coeval crustal petrogenesis. We make use of the known geological events and processes that affect the rock cycle: supercontinent assembly and breakup
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Discoveries of Mass Independent Isotope Effects in the Solar System: Past, Present and Future Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Mark H. Thiemens, Mang Lin
The history of the discovery of stable isotopes and later, their influence of chemical and physical phenomena originates in the 19th century with discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel in 1896 (Becquerel 1896a–g). The discovery catalyzed a range of studies in physics to develop an understanding of the nucleus and the properties influencing its stability and instability that give rise to various decay
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Triple Oxygen Isotope Systematics in the Hydrologic Cycle Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Jakub Surma, Sergey Assonov, Michael Staubwasser
The analysis of hydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope ratios of H2O are widely used tools for studies of the hydrological cycle (Friedman 1953; Dansgaard 1954; Gonfiantini 1986; Gat 1996; Araguás-Araguás et al. 2000; Gat et al. 2000) and climate reconstruction (Dansgaard 1964; Johnsen et al. 1989; Petit et al. 1999). Natural variations of δD and δ18O in precipitation are well correlated and fall
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Small Triple Oxygen Isotope Variations in Sulfate: Mechanisms and Applications Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Xiaobin Cao, Huiming Bao
Sulfate is the most abundant electron acceptor in the ocean today. A large fraction of the buried organic matter in marine sediments is re-mineralized through microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) during which the sulfate is reduced to H2S (Jørgensen 1982; Kasten and Jørgensen 2000). The H2S can be re-oxidized to sulfate or buried as pyrite in sediments (Jørgensen 1977). The burial of pyrite ultimately
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Triple Oxygen Isotopes in Meteoric Waters, Carbonates, and Biological Apatites: Implications for Continental Paleoclimate Reconstruction Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Benjamin H. Passey, Naomi E. Levin
The usefulness of triple isotope studies of natural systems is contingent on the existence of resolvable differences in mass-dependent fractionation exponents θ [where θ = ln(17/16α)/ln(18/16α)] among processes that are prevalent in the system(s) of interest, or on the existence of resolvable non-mass-dependent fractionation in the system. Both such contingencies are satisfied in continental hydroclimate
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Triple Oxygen Isotopes in Silica–Water and Carbonate–Water Systems Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Jordan A.G. Wostbrock*, Zachary D. Sharp
The field of stable isotope geochemistry began with the recognition that the oxygen isotope composition of ancient carbonates could be used as a paleothermometer (Urey 1947; Urey et al. 1951). As stated by Urey (1947), “Accurate determinations of the Ol8 content of carbonate rocks could be used to determine the temperature at which they were formed”. This concept was based on the temperature dependence
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Triple Oxygen Isotope Trend Recorded by Precambrian Cherts: A Perspective from Combined Bulk and in situ Secondary Ion Probe Measurements Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 D. O. Zakharov, J. Marin-Carbonne, J. Alleon, I. N. Bindeman
The surface temperature of a planet is one of the key parameters that define its potential habitablity. On Earth, the temperature regime sustained by the seawater column provided one of the necessary conditions for the evolution and prosperity of life. Ancient marine chemical sediments such as cherts and carbonates offer an opportunity to reconstruct the seawater temperature throughout geologic history
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Reactive Transport in Evolving Porous Media Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Nicolas Seigneur, K. Ulrich Mayer, Carl I. Steefel
Reactive transport modeling is a process-based approach that accounts for advection, diffusion, dispersion and a multitude of biogeochemical reactions. The occurrence of these reactions, by nature, tends to affect the properties of porous media in many ways (Tenthorey and Gerald 2006). If these alteration reactions are significant, then feedback mechanisms could occur that influence the flow of groundwater
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Microbial Controls on the Biogeochemical Dynamics in the Subsurface Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Martin Thullner, Pierre Regnier
Biogeochemical processes are of tremendous importance for determining the fate of many organic and inorganic compounds in the subsurface. Most global elemental cycles involve biogeochemical transformation, and the recycling of carbon and nutrients relies almost exclusively on biogeochemical processes. In particular, the majority of natural organic compounds are biogeochemically reactive, but also a
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Reactive Transport Modeling of Coupled Processes in Nanoporous Media Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Christophe Tournassat, Carl I. Steefel
Nanoporous media consist of homogeneous or heterogeneous porous material in which a significant part of the pore size distribution lies in the nanometer range. Clayey rocks, sediments or soils are natural nanoporous media, and cementitious materials, the most widely used industrial materials in the world, are also nanoporous materials. Nanoporous materials also include compounds present at the interface
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Watershed Reactive Transport Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Li Li
A watershed (also drainage basin, river basin, or catchment) is defined as “… the area that topographically appears to contribute all the water that passes through a specified cross section of a stream (the outlet)” (Dingman 2015). In this chapter, I choose to use the term “watershed” as it is a broadly used one; it should be understood more as small watersheds or catchments. Watersheds are the fundamental
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RTM for Waste Repositories Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Olivier Bildstein, Francis Claret, Pierre Frugier
Power generation plays an important role in global warming (Audoly et al. 2018) and although the use of nuclear power in the energetic mix can be seen as sustainable (Brook et al. 2014; Knapp and Pevec 2018), nuclear energy is debated in many countries (Meserve 2004; Cici et al. 2012). Over 50 years of nuclear energy and the use of radioactive material in nuclear research and in industrial, medical
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Multiphase Multicomponent Reactive Transport and Flow Modeling Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Irina Sin, Jérôme Corvisier
Upon injection into a reservoir, CO2 migrates and interacts with the host rock and pore water (Benson et al. 2005, 2012). Supercritical or gaseous CO2 dissolves in the pore aqueous solution as a function of the pressure, temperature, and salinity conditions. This process changes the local chemistry; in that it significantly decreases the pH and promotes geochemical reactions such as the dissolution
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Acid Water–Rock–Cement Interaction and Multicomponent Reactive Transport Modeling Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Jordi Cama,Josep M. Soler,Carles Ayora
This chapter addresses the use of multicomponent reactive transport modeling (MCRTM) in an attempt to understand and quantify the interaction between acid water and rocks or Portland cement (mortar, concrete) during and after the injection of CO2 in deep aquifers (geological CO2 storage) and in the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD). Anthropogenic acidification of water occurs in the two cases (Gunter
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Stable Isotope Fractionation by Transport and Transformation Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Jennifer L. Druhan,Matthew J. Winnick,Martin Thullner
Of the 92 elements naturally present on modern Earth, only 21 are monotopic. The remainder are composed of multiple isotopes, many of which are either stable or decay over such extraordinarily long timescales that they may be considered effectively stable for appropriate applications. These isotopes of a given element are distinguished by the number of neutrons within their nucleus, resulting in subtle
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Multiscale Approaches in Reactive Transport Modeling Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (IF 8.438) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Sergi Molins,Peter Knabner
The field of reactive transport lies at the intersection of several disciplines in the Earth and Environmental sciences, including hydrology, geochemistry, biology and geology. The processes in natural and engineered media that are the focus of study of these disciplines take place over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Specifically, geological media are characterized by their physical and