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The Legal Status and Targeting of Hacker Groups in the Russia-Ukraine Cyber Conflict Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2024-03-22 Giacomo Biggio
The armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been characterized by a considerable number of cyber operations by States and non-State actors in support to either party to the conflict. One year since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the ‘Russia-Ukraine cyber conflict’ offers valuable insights for estimating the effectiveness of International Humanitarian Law in regulating the status and the conduct
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Ensuring Lawful Use of Autonomous Weapons Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2024-03-07 Camilla G. Cooper
The use of autonomous weapons systems (‘aws’) is the source of extensive discussions within the international legal community and beyond. After years of discussing definitions, the discourse is slowly moving on to discuss aws in light of existing law of armed conflict (‘loac’) rules. This article aims to support these discussions by providing a military legal perspective. aws offers great potential
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Finding Fairness: Two Perspectives in International Criminal Law Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-12-21 Michelle Coleman
This review essay discusses two books: Fairness and Rights in International Criminal Procedure by Sophie Rigney and Punishing Atrocities through a Fair Trial by Jonathan Hafetz. It discusses the methods used in each book, their conceptions of fairness, and what they see as the future of fairness in international criminal law. The review argues that when the two books are read together they show how
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Regulatory Choices at the Advent of Gig Warfare Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-12-15 Mark Klamberg
Regulation of military ai may take place in three ways. First, existing rules and principles in ihl is already or could be extended via reinterpretation to apply to military ai; second, new ai regulation may appear via “add-ons” to existing rules, finally, regulation of military ai may appear as a completely new framework, either through new state behavior that results in customary international law
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A New Graphic Novel on the History of International Law as a Powerful Tool to Disseminate Widely the Topic Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-12-09 Maria Chiara Vitucci
This paper analyses the graphic novel Une histoire du droit international. De Salamanque à Guantanamo, the storyboard of which was created by two professors of international law. The review essay focuses on the content of the graphic novel and its peculiarities in narrating the history of international law, comparing the volume with other monographs and scientific articles on the same topic. The intended
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What Blocked the UN’s Response to the Earthquakes in Northwest Syria? Reflections on a Humanitarian System Premised on Government Consent Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-10-26 Rebecca Barber
This article reflects on the UN response to the earthquakes in Türkiye and Syria in February 2023, and specifically the fact that while the UN responded immediately in southern Türkiye, it did not do so in non-government-controlled northwest Syria. The UN explained that its ‘longstanding position’ was that aid could not be delivered across an international border without host government consent or
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International Crimes of Western Colonialism Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-10-25 Julia Emtseva
Does colonialism still exist in the 21st century? Philippe Sands provides a resounding affirmation to this question in his recent book The Last Colony. Sands expounds upon the circumstances surrounding the Chagos archipelago, the most recently colonized territory by the United Kingdom, which triggers further discussions about the ability of international law to address colonial crimes. Sands’ tale
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The Interaction Between the Obligation to Warn and Other Rules of ihl Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-10-18 Sara (S) Benabbass, Marten (M.C.) Zwanenburg
The obligation to give effective advance warning of an attack which may affect the civilian population is one of the precautions in attack parties to an armed conflict must take under ihl. Recent practice has shown this duty may interact with other rules of ihl. This article discusses this interaction. It focuses on warnings that spread terror, that may be used as a ruse or that lead to displacement
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Conceptualising “Relocation” Across Displacement Contexts Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-10-10 David James Cantor
Planned relocations often take place in displacement contexts. They ensue not only in settings of disasters and climate change, but also during armed conflicts and in development projects. But what is ‘relocation’? Is its meaning identical across these diverse contexts? And what is its relationship to displacement? Conceptual clarity on these points is needed if humanitarians are to engage with the
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The Terminology of the Law of Warfare: A Linguistic Analysis of State Practice Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-09-12 Emily Crawford, Annabelle Lukin, Jacqueline Mowbray
The body of international law that regulates the conduct of armed conflicts has been known, at various points in time, as the law of war, the law of armed conflict, and international humanitarian law. While ‘the law of war’ was a term widely used in State practice throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, both ‘the law of armed conflict’ and ‘international humanitarian law’ were terms introduced in the
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Another Look at the Gendered Constitution of the Laws of War: Semantic Fields, Hegemonic Masculinities and the Reproduction of Heteronormativity Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-06-22 Frédéric Mégret
This article argues that the gendered constitution of the regulation of war runs even deeper than typically understood. Instead of merely the laws of war’s internal categories being gendered, it is the entire apparatus of war’s regulation as expressed in various versions of its denomination that manifests different shades of gender. Specifically, the article shows how the laws of war emerged as the
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Filling the Gaps: The Expansion of International Humanitarian Law and the Juridification of the Free-Fighter Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-06-16 Amanda Alexander
This article traces the expansion of international law from the Hague Conventions, where only a state’s soldiers had legal status, to the contemporary understanding that international law governs all participants in conflict. This can be seen as a humanitarian shift that diminishes state power. This article, however, argues that the Hague Conventions only established a limited sphere of formal law
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International Humanitarian Law: Necessity, Distinction and the ‘Standard of Civilisation’ Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-06-09 Matt Killingsworth
The modern laws of war are an integral foundation of 19th century efforts to establish and maintain order within the then emerging international society of states. But membership was conditional; only ‘civilised’ states were permitted entry to international society. Engaging with the concept of ‘the standard of civilisation’, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate a continuity of double standards
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Rules of Engagement and the Situation of Individual Self-Defence: Applicable Law and Coherence with Operational Context Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-06-03 Rob McLaughlin
Within a broader discussion as to the place and role of self-defence within Rules of Engagement, this article seeks to describe some of the drafting and application issues that often present when employing Rules of Engagement – as a distillation of law, policy, operational context, and capability – to resolve, or to encapsulate the resolution achieved, in each mission-specific dialogue between operational
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Uganda’s Post-War Transitional Justice Process Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-06-03 Tonny Raymond Kirabira, Leïla Choukroune
This article examines the existing post-war recovery framework employed in Uganda to address concerns with housing, land and property (hlp) rights, particularly in Uganda’s post-war recovery period. It explores the integration of special categories of victims, i.e., internally displaced persons (idp s) and children born of war (cbw), with a key focus on how hlp rights are integrated into – or left
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The Practical Reality and Efficacy of International Humanitarian Law: Some Reflections Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-06-03 Christopher Greenwood
This article considers certain aspects of the reality and efficacy of ihl. It looks at problems concerning the scope of ihl, including the question of what constitutes an armed conflict, the difficulties of disentangling international and non-international elements in some armed conflicts and debates about the application of ihl in United Nations peacekeeping. The article also examines whether ihl
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The Language of the Protection of Civilians Mandate and the Primary Responsibility of the State: A Legal Norm for Peace and Security Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-05-30 Tamer Morris
When the Security Council mandates the protection of civilians mandate in UN peacekeeping missions, it inadvertently forms an obligation on States involved with UN peace missions. To affirm the concept of State sovereignty, the Security Council constantly references ‘the primary responsibility of the State to protect’ within their resolutions. This developing norm, beginning within the protection of
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At the Crossroads: Multi-Stakeholder and Multi-Disciplinary Approaches in the Application of ihl Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-04-25 Helen Durham, Anne Quintin
The faithful application of ihl during armed conflicts requires working on a variety of systems, structures and institutions that exist within a society, to ensure that the environment is conducive to respect for the law. Accordingly, there are many different roads to travel down, from developing and interpreting international legal rules to building adequate domestic frameworks, and from training
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Now You See Them, Now You Don’t: Court-Appointed Experts, Wartime Reparations, and the drc v Uganda Case Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-04-24 Sean D. Murphy, Yuri Parkhomenko
One intersection between scholarship and practice in international humanitarian law is observable in international litigation concerning violations of the law of war. An interesting example in this regard recently arose in the case by the Democratic Republic of the Congo against Uganda for war-related claims. At the reparations phase, the Court decided not to rely solely on the submissions of the Parties
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The View through a Different Lens: Increasing Respect for International Humanitarian Law through the Use of the International Human Rights Law Framework Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-04-24 Emma Lush
In years past, much of the discussion around International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law has been dedicated to considering the convergence of the two regimes; to discover a way to increase respect for the protection of the individual in armed conflict. Meanwhile, egregious violations of individual’s human rights continue to occur in armed conflicts – those in Ukraine, Yemen, Ethiopia
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The International Laws of War: Linguistic Analysis from the Perspectives of Register, Corpus and Grammatical Patterning Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-03-22 Annabelle Lukin, Alexandra García Marrugo
All texts, including all legal texts, are constructed in language. All legal constructs and discriminations are an effect of language. As such, linguistics and text analysis should be considered a necessary adjunct to legal studies and, in particular, to critical legal studies. While the disciplines of linguistics and law are increasingly interacting, there is a paucity of linguistic analysis in the
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Ex Gratia Payments and Reparations: A Missed Opportunity? Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2023-01-13 Steven van de Put
States have been increasingly engaging in a practice of ex gratia payments during armed conflict as a way to win ‘hearts and minds’ or mitigate local animosity from combat operations that cause civilian loss or damage. These represent voluntary payments for damages which are not the result of a violation of the laws of war. This practice provides a contrast to reparations, which are the result of a
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International Humanitarian Law and the Conduct of Cyber Hostilities: Quo Vadis? Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-12-22 Michael N. Schmitt
War and international humanitarian law (IHL) exist and evolve in a synergistic relationship. On the one hand, treaty and customary law norms can proactively shape warfare. But on the other, changes in the nature of warfare often determine IHL’s path forward, for if IHL is to remain effective, it must remain responsive to the context in which it is to be applied. This article offers tentative reflections
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Syria Conflict and its Impact Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-12-03 Mais Qandeel, Jamie Sommer
The Syrian war has caused catastrophic damage to the lives and livelihoods of millions of people. Chemical attacks in particular have been tremendously devastating to both humans and wildlife ecosystems. Building on previous research in international humanitarian law (ihl) and the protection of the environment, this article identifies the immediate and long-term impact that the use and storage of chemical
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Might as Right? The Nature of Laws of War applicable to Targeting and Detention in International Armed Conflicts Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-11-16 Festus M. Kinoti
Do laws of war applicable to International Armed Conflicts (iac s) authorize targeting and detention or do they simply regulate targeting and detention as an exercise of power in war by belligerents without providing authorization? This question has been the subject of debate in the recent past. The traditional understanding of laws of war, simply as a protective regime has come under increasing challenge
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The Law of Neutrality: Jus ad Bellum or Jus in Bello? Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-10-07 Pearce Clancy
This review essay aims to consider the law of neutrality, and whether it may be better situated within the jus ad bellum, the body of law governing the use of force, or the jus in bello, the body of law governing hostilities following the initial use of force. In doing so, the essay centres on the recent monograph by Constantine Antonopoulos on the subject of the law of neutrality, wherein the author
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Nuremberg’s Enduring Legacy to International Justice Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-08-31 I.M. Lobo de Souza
The historic Nuremberg trial represented a first step toward an adequate response by the international society to grave crimes under international law committed by individuals in position of governmental authority. This article discusses three particular ways in which the Nuremberg trial has advanced international justice. From a normative perspective, it has helped crystallise the principle of individual
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The Legality of Weapons Transfers to Ukraine Under International Law Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-08-30 Kevin Jon Heller, Lena Trabucco
This article analyses the legality of Western states providing weapons to Ukraine. It focuses on five areas of international law: (1) the jus ad bellum; (2) the law of neutrality; (3) international humanitarian law; (4) state responsibility for complicity in internationally wrongful acts; and (5) international criminal law. It concludes that weapons transfers likely violate the law of neutrality, entitling
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From Outlaws to Judges: Armed Groups and The Administration of Justice Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-08-24 Alessandra Spadaro
René Provost’s latest book, Rebel Courts: The Administration of Justice by Armed Insurgents, collects an impressive amount of practice of organized armed groups concerning the administration of justice in armed conflicts, and offers a detailed analysis of the legal issues surrounding the creation and functioning of insurgent courts. Drawing from field work and adopting a legal pluralistic methodology
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The Case of M/S Józef Conrad and Law of Air Warfare During the Vietnam War Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-05-20 Mateusz Piątkowski
On the 20th of December 1972, the Polish-flagged merchant vessel M/S Józef Conrad, anchored in the North Vietnam port of Haiphong, was hit by an air-delivered projectile in the Linebacker ii air campaign, also referred to as the ‘Christmas bombing’. The attack caused both loss of life and health among Polish sailors, and destroyed the ship itself. In 2020, the Polish Commissioner for Human Rights submitted
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Improving Coherence between Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction through Formal and Informal International Lawmaking Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-05-20 Tommaso Natoli
Resolutions and other key documents adopted in the last few years by the international community provide that greater coherence and integration between law and policies on climate change adaptation (cca) and disaster risk reduction (drr) can lead to more efficient use of available resources, and more effective action in reducing human vulnerabilities and exposure to climate and disaster risks. Moving
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Heike Krieger (ed), Jonas Püschmann (assist ed), Law-Making and Legitimacy in International Humanitarian Law Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-04-28 James Patrick Sexton
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Treasa Dunworth, Humanitarian Disarmament: An Historical Enquiry Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-04-08 Yolandi Meyer
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Between Rights, Sovereignty and Cooperation: Responding to Victims of Armed Conflict Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-04-08 Emily Camins
Although the humanitarian effects of armed conflict are vast and transcend national boundaries, international law does not yet provide an adequate or comprehensive response to the suffering of victims of war. This article argues considerations of State sovereignty have shaped the development of international law on post-war redress, hindering the emergence of individual rights to reparations under
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Brokers and Translators: Exploring the Limits of Pluralism in International Humanitarian Negotiation Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-03-02 Marnie Lloydd
Through ethnographic observations from international humanitarian work and interviews with humanitarian professionals, Joe Cropp’s The Humanitarian Fix: Navigating Civilian Protection in Contemporary Wars engagingly describes the daily practice of humanitarian negotiation and persuasion. The book illustrates how the international humanitarian has morphed from the more classical neutral intermediary
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‘Bury Me Not, I Pray Thee, in Egypt: But I Will Lie with My Fathers’: The Right of Soldiers to Be Buried in their Homeland Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-02-23 Hilly Moodrick-Even Khen
This article argues that certain legal duties of states involved in armed conflicts confer legal and moral rights on both the combatants and their families. The combatant is entitled to the right to be identified and buried, and the families are entitled, not only to receive information about the treatment of their dead relatives, but also to make decisions in this regard. These decisions relate to
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Dissemination of International Humanitarian Law in Greece: A Maritime Perspective Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2022-02-14 Alba Grembi
This article analyses specific provisions within the Greek legal order that guide the naval commander’s conduct during an armed conflict at sea. It demonstrates that these provisions do not adequately satisfy the requirement to ensure respect for the law of naval warfare and to contribute to the discontinuance, during such times, of the violations of international rules on the assistance of persons
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Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in Kosovo and Lessons to be Learned from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-11-29 Remzije Istrefi, Arben Hajrullahu
This article examines challenges in seeking justice for Conflict-Related Sexual Violence (crsv) survivors in Kosovo. It analyses the roles and responsibilities of international missions and how deficiencies impact the prosecution and adjudication of crsv by Kosovo’s justice system. A key question is why two decades after the 1998–1999 war in Kosovo survivors of crsv cannot find justice? The end of
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It’s a Trap! Re-Thinking Samuel Moyn’s Humane Beyond the North Atlantic Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-11-29 Alonso Gurmendi Dunkelberg
Samuel Moyn’s latest book, Humane: How the United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War, offers a compelling re-reading of the history of the laws of war not as the precursors of international humanitarian law, but as enablers of what he calls “inhumane war”. Instead of advancing the cause of humanization of war, Moyn argues in favour of pacificism and the abolition of war in its entirety. And
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Protecting the Environment During and After Armed Conflict, the International Law Commission and an Overdue Due Diligence Duty for Corporations: Good in Principle? Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-11-09 Alexandra Wormald
Recent years have seen a rising global consensus on the need to ensure appropriate protections for the environment during and after armed conflict. In this context, the International Law Commission provisionally adopted 28 draft principles on the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts in July 2019. With stakeholder consultation having concluded in June 2021, this article investigates
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Taking Care Against the Computer: Precautions Against Military Operations on Digital Infrastructure Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-10-26 Simon McKenzie, Eve Massingham
The obligations of international humanitarian law are not limited to the attacker; the defender is also required to take steps to protect civilians from harm. The requirement to take precautions against the effects of attack requires the defender to minimize the risk that civilians and civilian objects will be harmed by enemy military operations. At its most basic, it obliges defenders to locate military
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Seeking ‘Truth’ After Devastating, Multi-Layered Conflict: The Complex Case of Transitional Justice in South Sudan Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-10-11 Owiso Owiso
In August 2015, the Government of South Sudan and other parties to the country’s civil conflict signed a peace agreement, the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, aimed at ending the civil conflict that broke out on 15 December 2013. After this agreement failed to hold, South Sudan descended into a second wave of civil conflict. A recommitment to the agreement
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Natia Kalandarishvili-Mueller, Occupation and Control in International Humanitarian Law Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Stefano D’Aloia
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Jérôme de Hemptinne, Les conflits armés en mutation Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Aurélien Godefroy
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Humanitarian Law Compliance: The Disadvantaged State Problem Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-09-17 Roderic Alley
Ensuring humanitarian law compliance and repression of its violations receives constant reiteration but to mixed effect. While international judicial, jurisprudential and investigatory modalities have advanced, requisite State level competencies exhibit marked variability. This paper devotes most attention to disadvantaged States – those that, for whatever reason, lack the judicial, institutional or
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The Referral of the Situation in Venezuela to the International Criminal Court: The Office of the Prosecutor Should Not Step In… Yet Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-05-31 Ianiv Garfunkel
On 26 September 2018, six American States Parties to the Rome Statute referred the Situation in Venezuela to the Office of the Prosecutor (‘OTP’) of the International Criminal Court, regarding crimes against humanity. Those States rested on Article 14 of the Rome Statute to proceed. That referral – namely, crimes committed outside the territory of the referring State(s) – was the second of its kind
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Prolonged Occupation and Exploitation of Natural Resources: A Focus on Natural Gas off the Coast of Northern Cyprus Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-05-03 Emilia Pabian
During recent years, natural gas reserves have been located off the coast of Cyprus and their possible exploitation has drawn the attention of Turkey, which has been in occupation of Northern Cyprus for decades. This contribution explores whether the law of occupation could provide a legal basis for the exploitation by Turkey of Northern Cyprus’ natural gas, specifically considering the prolonged nature
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‘Guilty of Having Been Obedient’: A Fresh Dissection of the Superior Orders Controversy Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-06-17 Emmanuel Sarpong Owusu
One of the most debated subjects among academics and experts in the fields of International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law is the principle of individual criminal responsibility for war crimes. Even more contentious is that aspect of the principle relating to crimes committed under superior orders – a legal strategy employed by many defendants at the Nuremberg war crimes trials. This
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Applying Humanitarian Law: A Review of the Legal Status of the Turkey–Kurdistan Workers’ Party (pkk) Conflict Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-03-25 Deniz Arbet Nejbir
This article assesses the applicability of the criteria for non-international armed conflict to the situation in South-Eastern Turkey. It demonstrates that the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (also known as the pkk), as a party to the conflict, fulfils the three main criteria laid down in conventional international humanitarian law and developed by indicative factors in international jurisprudence for assessing
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Fact-Finding in Situations of Atrocities: In Search of Legitimacy Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-03-15 Piergiuseppe Parisi
While international inquiries have long been used by states and international organisations to address situations of human rights violations, it is only since the turn of the millennium that they have increasingly become the focus of academic reflection. Harwood’s book is unique in that it represents the first effort at systematically surveying and systematising the practice of atrocity-related UN
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Noelle Higgins, The Protection of Cultural Heritage during Armed Conflict: The Changing Paradigms Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2021-01-12 Andrzej Jakubowski
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International Law in a Time of Pandemic Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2020-12-09 Russell Buchan,Emily Crawford,Rain Liivoja
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Apocalypse Now?: Initial Lessons from the Covid-19 Pandemic for the Governance of Existential and Global Catastrophic Risks Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2020-12-09 Hin-Yan Liu, Kristian Lauta, Matthijs Maas
This paper explores the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic through the framework of existential risks – a class of extreme risks that threaten the entire future of humanity. In doing so, we tease out three lessons: (1) possible reasons underlying the limits and shortfalls of international law, international institutions and other actors which Covid-19 has revealed, and what they reveal about the resilience
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Classifying Non-International Armed Conflicts: The ‘Territorial Control’ Requirement Under Additional Protocol ii in an Era of Complex Conflicts Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2020-12-09 Martha M Bradley
In terms of Additional Protocol ii to the Geneva Conventions ‘territorial control’ is a requirement in order to determine whether, as contemplated by the provisions of the Protocol, a non-international armed conflict exists. Complex situations in which conflict is not confined to the territorial borders of the State where the non-international armed conflict originated increasingly present a challenge
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covid-19 Claims and the Law of International Responsibility Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2020-12-09 Martins Paparinskis
This paper considers the role that the law of international responsibility, both State responsibility and responsibility of international organizations, plays in claims and disputes about covid-19. It proceeds by examining in turn the rubrics of the internationally wrongful act, content of responsibility, and implementation of responsibility. On most points, blackletter law is perfectly capable of
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International Human Rights Law and the Response to the covid-19 Pandemic Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2020-12-09 Sarah Joseph
States have duties under Article 12(2)(c) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to prevent, control and treat covid-19. Implementation of these three obligations is analysed, taking account of countervailing human rights considerations. Regarding prevention, lockdowns designed to stop the spread
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International Law as a Help or Hinderance to World Peace Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies Pub Date : 2020-12-09 Alexander Gilder
World Peace (And How We Can Achieve It) looks towards a future where there is increasingly optimistic engagement with the concept of peace. Bellamy assesses why the world is the way it is before making suggestions for how the world can achieve peace. Bellamy suggests world peace is achievable and in the final chapter constructs his articles for world peace. This review essay engages with several themes