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Lower Insulin Sensitivity Through 36 Months of Life With in Utero HIV and Antiretroviral Exposure in Botswana: Results From the Tshilo Dikotla Study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-26 Jennifer Jao, Lauren B Bonner, Katrina Dobinda, Kathleen M Powis, Shan Sun, Justine Legbedze, Keolebogile N Mmasa, Joseph Makhema, Mompati Mmalane, Samuel Kgole, Gosego Masasa, Sikhulile Moyo, Mariana Gerschenson, Terence Mohammed, Elaine J Abrams, Irwin J Kurland, Mitchell E Geffner
Background There are little data on changes in insulin sensitivity during the first few years of life following in utero human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and antiretroviral (ARV) exposure. Methods The Tshilo Dikotla study enrolled pregnant persons with HIV (PWH) (receiving tenofovir/emtricitabine or lamivudine plus dolutegravir or efavirenz) and pregnant individuals without HIV, as well as their
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Household Transmission Dynamics of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2–Infected Children: A Multinational, Controlled Case-Ascertained Prospective Study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-26 Anna Funk, Todd A Florin, Nathan Kuppermann, Yaron Finkelstein, Alissa Kazakoff, Michael Baldovsky, Daniel J Tancredi, Kristen Breslin, Kelly R Bergmann, Michael Gardiner, Christopher M Pruitt, Deborah R Liu, Mark I Neuman, Matthew Wilkinson, Lilliam Ambroggio, Xiao-Li Pang, Simon Cauchemez, Richard Malley, Terry P Klassen, Bonita E Lee, Daniel C Payne, Salaheddin M Mahmud, Stephen B Freedman
Background Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is highly prevalent but its acute and chronic implications have been minimally described. Methods In this controlled case-ascertained household transmission study, we recruited asymptomatic children <18 years with SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing performed at 12 tertiary care pediatric institutions in Canada and the United States. We attempted
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Treatment of multidrug-resistant or rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis with an all-oral 9-month regimen containing linezolid or ethionamide in South Africa: A retrospective cohort study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-25 Hannah Morgan, Norbert Ndjeka, Tasnim Hasan, Medea Gegia, Fuad Mirzayev, Linh Nguyen, Samuel Schumacher, Timothy E Schlub, Kogieleum Naidoo, Greg J Fox
Background In 2019, the South African tuberculosis program replaced ethionamide with linezolid as a part of an all-oral 9-month regimen. We evaluated treatment outcomes for patients assigned to regimens including linezolid in 2019 and ethionamide in 2017. Method This retrospective cohort study included patients treated for multi-drug resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis throughout South Africa
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Predictors of mortality of streptococcal bacteremia and the role of infectious diseases consultation; a retrospective cohort study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-25 Nicolas Fourre, Virgile Zimmermann, Laurence Senn, Marion Aruanno, Benoit Guery, Matthaios Papadimitriou-Olivgeris
Background Streptococcal bacteremia is associated with high mortality. The study aims to identify predictors of mortality among patients with streptococcal bacteremia. Methods This retrospective study was conducted at the Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland and included episodes of streptococcal bacteremia among adult patients from 2015 to 2023. Results During the study period, 861 episodes of
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Point of care testing for hepatitis C in the priority settings of mental health, prisons and drug & alcohol facilities – the PROMPt Study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Erin M McCartney, Lucy Ralton, Joshua Dawe, Jacqui Richmond, Joshua Zobel, Alan Wigg, Victoria Cock, Edmund Y Tse, Tom Rees, David Shaw, Catherine Ferguson
Background A barrier to hepatitis C virus (HCV) cure is conventional testing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HCV antibody and RNA point-of-care-testing (POCT) on testing rates, linkage to care, treatment and acceptability of testing in three priority settings in Australia. Methods Participants were enrolled in an interventional cohort study at a reception prison, inpatient mental
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A Human Immunodeficiency Virus Superinfection Diagnosed in a Patient on Intramuscular Long-acting Combination of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Nadia Valin, Sidonie Lambert-Niclot, Emma Torres, Jean Luc Meynard, Claire Périllaud-Dubois, Laurence Morand-Joubert, Karine Lacombe
A case of a male with human immunodeficiency virus with plasma genotyping detecting no resistance and a CRF02_AG subtype had a controlled HIV RNA on antiretroviral therapy since 2010. We introduced intramuscular therapy with cabotegravir and rilpivirine. One month later, his HIV RNA was 1500 copies/mL; genotyping found a subtype B with many mutations.
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Drivers of Geographic Patterns in Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing in the United States Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Stephen M Kissler, Kirstin I Oliveira Roster, Rachel Petherbridge, Ateev Mehrotra, Michael L Barnett, Yonatan H Grad
In a retrospective, ecological analysis of US medical claims, visit rates explained more of the geographic variation in outpatient antibiotic prescribing rates than per-visit prescribing. Efforts to reduce antibiotic use may benefit from addressing the factors that drive higher rates of outpatient visits, in addition to continued focus on stewardship.
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Effect of Exercise Training on Prognosis in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Randomised Controlled Trial Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Camilla Koch Ryrsø, Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen, Christian Ritz, Maria Hein Hegelund, Arnold Matovu Dungu, Bente Klarlund Pedersen, Rikke Krogh-Madsen, Birgitte Lindegaard
Objective To investigate the effect of standard care (SoC) combined with supervised in-bed cycling (Bed-Cycle) or booklet exercises (Book-Exe) versus SoC in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods In this randomised controlled trial, 186 patients with CAP were assigned to SoC (n = 62), Bed-Cycle (n = 61), or Book-Exe (n = 63). Primary outcome length of stay (LOS) was analysed with analysis of covariance
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Characterizing Patients Presenting on Hospital Admission with Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections: A Multicenter Study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Opeyemi Oladapo-Shittu, Sara E Cosgrove, Clare Rock, Yea-Jen Hsu, Eili Klein, Anthony D Harris, Carlos Mejia Chew, Heather Saunders, Patrick R Ching, Avi Gadala, Stephanie Mayoryk, Lisa Pineles, Lisa Maragakis, Alejandra Salinas, Taylor Helsel, Sara C Keller
Background There are no systematic measures of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in patients maintaining central venous catheters (CVCs) outside acute care hospitals. To improve understanding of the burden of CLABSIs outside acute care hospitals, we characterized patients with CLABSI present on hospital admission (POA). Methods Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of patients
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Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the Diagnosis of COVID-19: Serologic Testing Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Mary K Hayden, Ibrahim K El Mikati, Kimberly E Hanson, Janet A Englund, Romney M Humphries, Francesca Lee, Mark Loeb, Daniel J Morgan, Robin Patel, Omar Al Ta’ani, Jamil Nazzal, Shahad Iqneibi, Justin Z Amarin, Shahnaz Sultan, Yngve Falck-Ytter, Rebecca L Morgan, M Hassan Murad, Adarsh Bhimraj, Reem A Mustafa
Background The role of serologic testing for SARS-CoV-2 has evolved during the pandemic as seroprevalence in global populations has increased. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) convened an expert panel to perform a systematic review of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) serology literature and construct updated best practice guidance related to SARS-CoV-2 serologic testing. This
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Association Between Social Vulnerability and Streptococcus pneumoniae Antimicrobial Resistance in US Adults Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Salini Mohanty, Gang Ye, Charles Sheets, Nicole Cossrow, Kalvin C Yu, Meghan White, Kenneth P Klinker, Vikas Gupta
Background Growing evidence indicates antimicrobial resistance disproportionately affects individuals living in socially vulnerable areas. This study evaluated the association between Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) in the United States. Methods Adult patients ≥ 18 years with 30-day nonduplicate SP isolates from ambulatory/hospital
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Immunogenicity and Safety of a Purified Vero Rabies Vaccine – Serum Free, Compared With Two Licensed Vaccines, in a Simulated Rabies Post-Exposure Regimen in Healthy Adults in France: A Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Andrea-Clemencia Pineda-Peña, Qian Jiang, Celine Petit, Joanna Korejwo-Peyramond, Yves Donazzolo, Mathilde Latreille, Marie-Claude Homery, Valerie Babin, Sonia Benamor, Sylvie Pichon, Françoise Guinet-Morlot, Ada-Maria Minutello
Background A next-generation Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV-NG2) was developed using the same Pitman–Moore strain as in the licensed purified Vero cell vaccine (PVRV; Verorab®) and the human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV; Imovax Rabies®). Methods This dual-center, modified double-blind, phase III study in France evaluated immunogenic non-inferiority and safety of PVRV-NG2 with and without concomitant
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Effectiveness of the 2023-2024 Formulation of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 mRNA Vaccine Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 Nabin K Shrestha, Patrick C Burke, Amy S Nowacki, Steven M Gordon
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the 2023-2024 formulation of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine protects against COVID-19. Methods Employees of Cleveland Clinic in employment when the 2023-2024 formulation of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine became available to employees, were included. Cumulative incidence of COVID-19 over the following 17 weeks was examined prospectively. Protection
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Effect of Preoperative Antibiotic Therapy on Operative Culture Yield for Diagnosis of Native Joint Septic Arthritis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 Ryan B Khodadadi, Pansachee Damronglerd, Jack W McHugh, Said El Zein, Brian D Lahr, Brandon J Yuan, Omar M Abu Saleh, Gina A Suh, Aaron J Tande
Background Native joint septic arthritis (NJSA) is definitively diagnosed by a positive Gram stain or culture, along with supportive clinical findings. Preoperative antibiotics are known to alter synovial fluid cell count, Gram stain and culture results and are typically postponed until after arthrocentesis to optimize diagnostic accuracy. However, data on the impact of preoperative antibiotics on
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18F-FDG PET/CT and radiolabeled leukocyte SPECT/CT imaging for the evaluation of cardiovascular infection in the multimodality context: ASNC Imaging Indications (ASNC I2) Series Expert Consensus Recommendations from ASNC, AATS, ACC, AHA, ASE, EANM, HRS, IDSA, SCCT, SNMMI, and STS Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 Jamieson M Bourque, Ulrika Birgersdotter-Green, Paco E Bravo, Ricardo P J Budde, Wengen Chen, Vivian H Chu, Vasken Dilsizian, Paola Anna Erba, Cesia Gallegos Kattan, Gilbert Habib, Fabien Hyafil, Yiu Ming Khor, Jaimie Manlucu, Pamela Kay Mason, Edward J Miller, Marc R Moon, Matthew W Parker, Gosta Pettersson, Robert D Schaller, Riemer H J A Slart, Jordan B Strom, Bruce L Wilkoff, Adam Williams, Ann
This document on cardiovascular infection, including infective endocarditis, is the first in the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology Imaging Indications (ASNC I2) series to assess the role of radionuclide imaging in the multimodality context for the evaluation of complex systemic diseases with multi-societal involvement including pertinent disciplines. A rigorous modified Delphi approach was used
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Hybrid immunity and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: results of the HEROES-RECOVER prospective cohort study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 James K Romine, Huashi Li, Melissa M Coughlin, Jefferson M Jones, Amadea Britton, Harmony L Tyner, Sammantha B Fuller, Robin Bloodworth, Laura J Edwards, Jini N Etoule, Tyler C Morrill, Gabriella Newes-Adeyi, Lauren E W Olsho, Manjusha Gaglani, Ashley Fowlkes, James Hollister, Edward J Bedrick, Jennifer L Uhrlaub, Shawn Beitel, Ryan S Sprissler, Zoe Lyski, Cynthia J Porter, Patrick Rivers, Karen Lutrick
Background There are limited data on whether hybrid immunity differs by count and order of immunity-conferring events (SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination). From a cohort of health care personnel, first responders, and other frontline workers in six US states, we examined heterogeneity of the effect of hybrid immunity on SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. Methods Exposures included event-count (sum
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Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Evidence from a Phase 3 Trial to Support Flat-Dosing of Rifampicin for Tuberculosis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-07 Huy X Ngo, Ava Y Xu, Gustavo E Velásquez, Nan Zhang, Vincent K Chang, Ekaterina V Kurbatova, William C Whitworth, Erin Sizemore, Kia Bryant, Wendy Carr, Marc Weiner, Kelly E Dooley, Melissa Engle, Susan E Dorman, Payam Nahid, Susan Swindells, Richard E Chaisson, Pheona Nsubuga, Madeleine Lourens, Rodney Dawson, Radojka M Savic
Background The optimal dosing strategy for rifampicin in treating drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) is still highly debated. In the Phase 3 clinical trial Study 31/ACTG 5349 (NCT02410772), all participants in the control regimen arm received 600 mg rifampicin daily as a flat dose. Here, we evaluated relationships between rifampicin exposure and efficacy and safety outcomes. Methods We analyzed rifampicin
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Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2024 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 J Michael Miller, Matthew J Binnicker, Sheldon Campbell, Karen C Carroll, Kimberle C Chapin, Mark D Gonzalez, Amanda Harrington, Robert C Jerris, Sue C Kehl, Sixto M Leal, Robin Patel, Bobbi S Pritt, Sandra S Richter, Barbara Robinson-Dunn, James W Snyder, Sam Telford, Elitza S Theel, Richard B Thomson, Melvin P Weinstein, Joseph D Yao
The critical nature of the microbiology laboratory in infectious disease diagnosis calls for a close, positive working relationship between the physician and the microbiologists who provide enormous value to the health care team. This document, developed by experts in both adult and pediatric laboratory and clinical medicine, provides information on which tests are valuable and in which contexts, and
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Nuclear Medicine Imaging Tools in Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO): Time for a Revisit and Appropriate Use Criteria Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 William F Wright, Sheetal Kandiah, Rebecca Brady, Barry L Shulkin, Christopher J Palestro, Sanjay K Jain
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a clinical conundrum for patients and clinicians alike and imaging studies are often performed as part of the diagnostic workup of these patients. Recently, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) convened and approved a guideline on the use of nuclear medicine tools for FUO. The guidelines support the use of 2-18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)
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Nosocomial Infections in Adults Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Review for Infectious Diseases Clinicians Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Joseph E Marcus, Aditya Shah, Giles J Peek, Graeme MacLaren
Over the past ten years, there has been a rapid expansion in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the care of patients with refractory cardiac or respiratory failure. Infectious diseases clinicians must reconcile conflicting evidence from limited studies as they develop practices at their own institutions, which has resulted in considerably different practices globally. This review
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Pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs Reduce Antibiotic Use at Combined Adult-Pediatric Hospitals Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Alison C Tribble, Ganga S Moorthy, Rebecca J Vartanian, Michael J Smith
Implementation of dedicated pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) at two combined adult-pediatric hospitals with existing ASPs was associated with sustained decreases in pediatric antibiotic use (AU) out of proportion to declines seen in adult inpatient units. ASPs in combined hospitals may not detect excessive pediatric AU without incorporating pediatric expertise.
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Outcomes in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy Recipients with Pre-Cellular Therapy SARS-CoV-2 Infection Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Ila Nimgaonkar, Leah H Yoke, Pavitra Roychoudhury, Patrick W Flaherty, Masumi Ueda Oshima, Amelia Weixler, Jordan Gauthier, Alexander L Greninger, Marco Mielcarek, Michael Boeckh, Catherine Liu, Joshua A Hill
Background Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) or chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy recipients have high morbidity from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. There are limited data on outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection shortly before cellular therapy and uncertainty whether to delay therapy. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients
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Central Nervous System Antimicrobial Exposure and Proposed Dosing for Anthrax Meningitis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 John S Bradley, Jürgen B Bulitta, Rachel Cook, Patricia A Yu, Chelsea Iwamoto, Elisabeth M Hesse, Danielle Chaney, Yon Yu, Jordan L Kennedy, David Sue, Adolf W Karchmer, William A Bower, Katherine Hendricks
Background The high mortality of systemic anthrax is likely a consequence of the severe central nervous system (CNS) inflammation that occurs in anthrax meningitis. Effective treatment of such infections requires, at a minimum, adequate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antimicrobial concentrations. Methods We reviewed English medical literature and regulatory documents to extract information on serum and
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Combined protection of vaccination and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir against hospitalization in adults with COVID-19 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 Melisa M Shah, Brendan Joyce, Ian D Plumb, Sam Sahakian, Leora R Feldstein, Eric Barkley, Mason Paccione, Joseph Deckert, Danessa Sandmann, Melissa Briggs Hagen, Jacqueline L Gerhart
Among U.S. adults at risk for severe COVID-19 in Epic Cosmos, the lowest rate of hospitalization was among those receiving three or more mRNA vaccine doses and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (aHR 0.22, 95%CI: 0.19–0.24). Adults who are at high-risk of severe COVID-19 disease, including vaccinated persons, should be considered for antiviral treatment.
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Long-term protective effect of tuberculosis preventive therapy in a medium/high TB incidence setting Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Leidy Anne Alves Teixeira, Braulio Santos, Marcelo Goulart Correia, Chantal Valiquette, Mayara Lisboa Bastos, Dick Menzies, Anete Trajman
Background The duration of the protective effect of TB preventive therapy (TPT) is controversial. Some studies have found that the protective effect of TPT is lost after cessation of therapy among people living with HIV in settings with very high tuberculosis incidence, but others have found long-term protection in low incidence settings. Methods We estimated the incidence rate (IR) of new tuberculosis
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Targeting Tularemia: Clinical, Laboratory, and Treatment Outcomes from an 11-year Retrospective Observational Cohort in Northern Sweden Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Martin Plymoth, Robert Lundquist, Anders Nystedt, Anders Sjöstedt, Tomas N Gustafsson
Background Tularemia is an important re-emerging disease with a multimodal transmission-pattern. Treatment outcomes of current recommended antibiotic regimens (including ciprofloxacin and doxycycline) remain unclear. In this retrospective cohort study, we report clinical, laboratory, geographical, and treatment outcomes of laboratory-confirmed tularemia cases over an 11-year period in Northern Sweden
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Development of a Machine Learning Modelling Tool for Predicting HIV Incidence Using Public Health Data from a County in the Southern United States Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Carlos S Saldana, Elizabeth Burkhardt, Alfred Pennisi, Kirsten Oliver, John Olmstead, David P Holland, Jenna Gettings, Daniel Mauck, David Austin, Pascale Wortley, Karla V Saldana Ochoa
Background Recent advancements in Machine Learning (ML) have significantly improved the accuracy of models predicting HIV incidence. These models typically utilize electronic medical records and patient registries. This study aims to broaden the application of these tools by utilizing de-identified public health datasets for notifiable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) from a southern U.S. County
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The Comparative Effectiveness of Perioperative Antibiotic Regimens to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 Eimear Kitt, Alisa J Stephens-Shields, Yuan-shung (Vera) Huang, Therese Bitterman, Brian T Fisher
Introduction Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a common complication in liver transplant(LT) recipients. Lack of pediatric prophylaxis guidelines results in variation in preventative antibiotic regimens. Methods We performed a retrospective observational study of LT recipients under 18 years using a merged dataset that included data from PHIS and UNOS between 2006 and 2017. The exposure was defined
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Cluster of non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae infective endocarditis and rising background C. diphtheriae cases—Seattle, Washington 2020-2023 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 Ellora N Karmarkar, Thomas Fitzpatrick, Sarah T Himmelfarb, Eric J Chow, Hayden Z Smith, Kristine F Lan, Jason Matsumoto, Nicholas Graff, Chas DeBolt, Thao Truong, Lori Bourassa, Carey Farquhar, Ferric C Fang, H Nina Kim, Paul S Pottinger
BACKGROUND Non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae), often associated with wounds, can rarely cause infective endocarditis (IE). Five patients with C. diphtheriae IE were identified within 12 months at a Seattle-based hospital system. We reviewed prior C. diphtheriae positive cultures to determine if detections had increased over time and evaluated epidemiologic trends. METHODS We
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Exploring the infectious contribution to intussusception causality using the effects of COVID-19 lockdowns in Australia: An ecological study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Benjamin Townley, Deniz Akin, Gerardo Luis Dimaguila, Rana Sawires, Gonzalo Sepulveda Kattan, Sebastian King, Julie Bines, Nicholas Wood, Stephen Lambert, Jim Buttery
Introduction Intussusception is the primary cause of acute bowel obstruction in infants. The majority of cases under 2 years of age are classed as idiopathic with viral infection implicated as one of the causes. COVID-19 public health measures led to significant decreases in communicable disease prevalence. During these times, reductions in intussusception frequency were reported - reductions greater
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Minimizing Low-value, Uncompensated Work in Academic Infectious Diseases: A Six Step Program Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Gonzalo Bearman, Priya Nori
Uncompensated work in academic infectious diseases (ID) may be high-value (e.g., important for academic promotion or necessary for advancement to leadership roles) or low-value (e.g., not aligning with or contributing to professional goals and aspirations). “Curbside” consultations, participation in hospital committees outside of professional interests, and other “citizenship” tasks are common examples
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Reduced Vancomycin Susceptibility in Clostridioides difficile is Associated with Lower Rates of Initial Cure and Sustained Clinical Response Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-19 Taryn A Eubank, Chetna Dureja, Kevin W Garey, Julian G Hurdle, Anne J Gonzales-Luna
Background Epidemiologic studies have shown decreasing vancomycin susceptibility among clinical Clostridioides difficile isolates, but the impact on patient outcomes is unknown. We hypothesized that reduced vancomycin susceptibility would be associated with decreased rates of sustained clinical response (SCR). Methods This multicenter cohort study included adults with C. difficile infection (CDI) treated
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Spatiotemporal Trends in Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis in the United States Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-19 Madeleine C Kline, Stephen M Kissler, Lilith K Whittles, Michael L Barnett, Yonatan H Grad
Background Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes an estimated 5.2 million outpatient visits for pharyngitis annually in the United States (U.S.) with incidence peaking in winter, but the annual spatiotemporal pattern of GAS pharyngitis across the U.S. is poorly characterized. Methods We used outpatient claims data from individuals with private medical insurance between 2010-2018 to quantify GAS pharyngitis
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Durability of Protection Against COVID-19 Through the Delta Surge for the NVX-CoV2373 Vaccine Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-19 Dean Follmann, Allyson Mateja, Michael P Fay, Craig A Magaret, Yunda Huang, Youyi Fong, Heather Angier, Martha Nason, Cynthia L Gay, Karen Kotloff, Wayne Woo, Iksung Cho, Lisa M Dunkle
Background Protein-based vaccines for COVID-19 provide a traditional vaccine platform with long-lasting protection for non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogens and may complement messenger RNA vaccines as a booster dose. While NVX-CoV2373 showed substantial early efficacy, the durability of protection has not been delineated. Methods The PREVENT-19 vaccine trial employed a blinded crossover design; the original placebo
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Persistent gram-negative bloodstream infection increases the risk of recurrent bloodstream infection with the same species Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-17 Paa Kwesi Ankrah, Andrew Bock, Felicia Ruffin, Blake M Hanson, Cesar A Arias, Stacey A Maskarinec, Joshua Parsons, Vance G Fowler, Joshua T Thaden
The association between persistent gram-negative bloodstream infection (GN-BSI), or ongoing positive cultures, and recurrent GN-BSI has not been investigated. Among 992 adults, persistent GN-BSI was associated with increased recurrent GN-BSI with the same bacterial species and strain (6% vs 2%; p=0.04). Persistent GN-BSI may be a marker of complicated infection.
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Seasonality, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of respiratory syncytial virus disease by subtype among children less than five years old, New Vaccine Surveillance Network, United States, 2016–2020 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-17 Ariana P Toepfer, Justin Z Amarin, Andrew J Spieker, Laura S Stewart, Mary Allen Staat, Elizabeth P Schlaudecker, Geoffrey A Weinberg, Peter G Szilagyi, Janet A Englund, Eileen J Klein, Marian G Michaels, John V Williams, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Christopher J Harrison, Joana Y Lively, Pedro A Piedra, Vasanthi Avadhanula, Brian Rha, James Chappell, Meredith McMorrow, Heidi Moline, Natasha B Halasa
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) in children. RSV can be broadly categorized into two major subtypes (A and B). RSV subtypes have been known to co-circulate with variability in different regions of the world. Clinical associations with viral subtype have been studied among children with conflicting findings such that no conclusive
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HIV, HIV-specific Factors and Myocardial Disease in Women Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-14 Yoko Kato, Bharath Ambale-Venkatesh, Mahim Naveed, Sanyog G Shitole, Qi Peng, Jeffrey M Levsky, Linda B Haramati, Karen Ordovas, Susan M Noworolski, Yoo Jin Lee, Ryung S Kim, Jason M Lazar, Kathryn Anastos, Phyllis C Tien, Robert C Kaplan, Joao A C Lima, Jorge R Kizer
Background People with HIV (PWH) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has documented higher myocardial fibrosis, inflammation and steatosis in PWH, but studies have mostly relied on healthy volunteers as comparators and focused on men. Methods We investigated the associations of HIV and HIV-specific factors with CMR phenotypes in female participants
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Pharmacokinetics and Optimal Dosing of Levofloxacin in Children for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-10 Yasmine N White, Belen P Solans, Paolo Denti, Louvina E van der Laan, H Simon Schaaf, Bryan Vonasek, Amyn A Malik, Heather R Draper, Hamidah Hussain, Anneke C Hesseling, Anthony J Garcia-Prats, Radojka M Savic
Background Each year 25 000–32 000 children develop rifampicin- or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (RR/MDR-TB), and many more require preventive treatment. Levofloxacin is a key component of RR/MDR-TB treatment and prevention, but the existing pharmacokinetic data in children have not yet been comprehensively summarized. We aimed to characterize levofloxacin pharmacokinetics through an individual
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Filling in the Gaps: Updates on Doxycycline Prophylaxis for Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Aniruddha Hazra, Moira C McNulty, Maria Pyra, Jade Pagkas-Bather, Jose I Gutierrez, Jim Pickett, Jenell Stewart, Robert K Bolan, Jean-Michel Molina, Connie Celum, Anne F Luetkemeyer, Jeffrey D Klausner
Over the past two decades, cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) due to syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia have been rising in the United States, disproportionately among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM), as well as racial and ethnic minorities of all genders. In this review, we address updates about the evidence on doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis (doxy-PEP)
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Incident Proteinuria differs by HIV Serostatus among Men with Pre-diabetes: The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Laurence Slama, Benjamin W Barrett, Alison G Abraham, Frank J Palella, Jared W Magnani, Jean Paul Viard, Jordan E Lake, Todd T Brown
Background Pre-diabetes is associated with proteinuria, a risk factor for chronic kidney disease. While people living with HIV (PWH) have a higher risk of proteinuria than people without HIV (PWOH), it is unknown whether incident proteinuria differs by HIV serostatus among pre-diabetic persons. Methods Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (PCR) was measured at semi-annual visits among men in the Multicenter
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Evaluation of the specificity of the 2023 Duke-International Society of Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases classification for infective endocarditis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-08 Hugo Moisset, Julien Rio, Johan Benhard, Florence Arnoult, Laurene Deconinck, Nathalie Grall, Bernard Iung, Xavier Lescure, François Rouzet, Gaspard Suc, Bruno Hoen, Claire Amaris Hobson, Xavier Duval
Background The 2023 Duke-ISCVID classification is a new diagnostic tool for infective endocarditis, updating the 2000 modified Duke and the 2015 ESC classifications. In comparison, its’ sensitivity is higher, however its’ specificity remains to be evaluated and compared to that of the two other classifications in endocarditis suspected patients. Methods We retrospectively collected the characteristics
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Evaluation of the 2023 Duke-ISCVID criteria in a multicenter cohort of patients with suspected infective endocarditis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-08 Matthaios Papadimitriou-Olivgeris, Pierre Monney, Michelle Frank, Georgios Tzimas, Piergiorgio Tozzi, Matthias Kirsch, Mathias Van Hemelrijck, Robert Bauernschmitt, Jana Epprecht, Benoit Guery, Barbara Hasse
Background Since publication of Duke criteria for infective endocarditis (IE) diagnosis, several modifications have been proposed. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Duke-ISCVID 2023 criteria compared to prior versions from 2000 (Duke-Li 2000) and 2015 (Duke-ESC 2015). Methods This study was conducted at two University Hospitals between 2014-2022 among patients with suspected IE
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Performance of the 2023 Duke-ISCVID diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis in relation to the modified Duke criteria and to clinical management- reanalysis of retrospective bacteremia cohorts Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-08 Helena Lindberg, Andreas Berge, Martin Jovanovic-Stjernqvist, Malin Hagstrand Aldman, David Krus, Jonas Öberg, Fredrik Kahn, Anna Bläckberg, Torgny Sunnerhagen, Magnus Rasmussen
Background Revised diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis (IE), the 2023 Duke-ISCVID criteria, were recently presented and need validation. Here, we compare the 2000 modified Duke criteria for IE with Duke-ISCVID among patients with bacteremia and relate the diagnostic classification to IE-treatment. Methods We reanalyzed patient cohorts with Stapylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis
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Duke Infective Endocarditis Criteria 3.0 for the Clinician: Defining What Is Possible Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-08 Henry F Chambers, ShanShan Zhang, Scott Evans
This commentary summarizes the results and clinical implications of validation studies evaluating the performance of the 2023 Duke-ISCID criteria for infective endocarditis.
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External Validation of the 2023 Duke - International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases Diagnostic Criteria for Infective Endocarditis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-08 Thomas W van der Vaart, Patrick M M Bossuyt, David T Durack, Larry M Baddour, Arnold S Bayer, Emanuele Durante-Mangoni, Thomas L Holland, Adolf W Karchmer, Jose M Miro, Philippe Moreillon, Magnus Rasmussen, Christine Selton-Suty, Vance G Fowler, Jan T M van der Meer
Introduction The 2023 Duke-International Society of Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID) Criteria for IE were introduced to improve classification of infective endocarditis (IE) for research and clinical purposes. External validation studies are required. Methods We studied consecutive patients with suspected IE referred to the IE Team of Amsterdam University Medical Center (October 2016-March
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Tracking cryptococcal meningitis to monitor HIV program success during the Treat-All era: An analysis of national data in Botswana Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-08 James Milburn, Ookeditse Ntwayagae, Rachita Suresh, Kebatshabile Ngoni, Cassie Northcott, James Penny, Matthew Kinsella, Imogen Mechie, Samuel Ensor, Goitseone Thamae, Tshepo Leeme, David S Lawrence, Tony Chebani, Daniel Grint, Mark W Tenforde, Ava Avalos, Dinah Ramaabya, Justus Ogando, Margaret Mokomane, Madisa Mine, Joseph N Jarvis
Background Cryptococcal meningitis causes substantial mortality in high-HIV prevalence African countries despite advances in disease management and increasing antiretroviral therapy coverage. Reliable diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis is cheap and more accessible than other indicators of AHD burden such as CD4 testing or investigation for disseminated tuberculosis; therefore, monitoring cryptococcal
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Eyes wide shut: A cohort study questioning the role of fundoscopy in infective endocarditis diagnosis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-08 Elisavet Stavropoulou, Benoit Guery, George Tzimas, Yan Guex-Crosier, Florence Hoogewoud, Piergiorgio Tozzi, Matthias Kirsch, Pierre Monney, Matthaios Papadimitriou-Olivgeris
This retro/prospective study aimed to assess the role of fundoscopy in 711 episodes with suspected infective endocarditis; 238 (33%) had infective endocarditis. Ocular embolic events (retinal emboli or chorioretinitis/endophthalmitis) and Roth spots were found in 37 (5%) and 34 (5%) episodes, respectively, but had no impact on infective endocarditis diagnosis.
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Randomized Multicenter Trial for the Validation of an Easy to Administer Algorithm to Define Penicillin Allergy Status in Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic Outpatients Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-06 Rebecca A Lillis, Lindley A Barbee, Candice J McNeil, Lori Newman, J Dennis Fortenberry, Santiago Alvarez-Arango, Jonathan M Zenilman
Background Approximately 15% of patients in sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics report penicillin allergies, complicating treatment for syphilis and gonorrhea. Nonetheless, > 90% do not have a penicillin allergy when evaluated. We developed and validated an algorithm to define which patients reporting penicillin allergy can be safely treated at STI clinics with these drugs. Methods RCT to
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Serial Mass Screening for Tuberculosis among Incarcerated Persons in Brazil Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-06 Rafaele Carla Pivetta de Araujo, Leonardo Martinez, Andrea da Silva Santos, Everton Ferreira Lemos, Roberto Dias de Oliveira, Mariana Croda, Dâmaris Porto Batestin Silva, Isabella Beatriz Gonçalves Lemes, Eunice Atsuko Totumi Cunha, Thais Oliveira Gonçalves, Paulo Cesar Pereira dos Santos, Bruna Oliveira da Silva, Crhistinne CM Gonçalves, Jason R Andrews, Julio Croda
Background Active search for tuberculosis cases through mass screening is widely described as a tool to improve case detection in hyperendemic settings. However, its effectiveness in high-risk populations, such as incarcerated people, is debated. Methods Between 2017 and 2021, three rounds of mass screening were carried out in three Brazilian prisons. Social and health questionnaires, chest X-rays
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Chronic and neurotropic: A paradigm-challenging case of dengue virus encephalitis in patient with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-06 Tina Marinelli, Jeffrey Masters, Michael E Buckland, Maggie Lee, William Rawlinson, Ki Wook Kim, Nicolas Urriola, Sebastiaan van Hal
A 32-year-old female with advanced HIV infection presented to an Australian hospital with subacute but worsening symptoms of encephalitis. Metagenomic sequencing and Dengue NS3 antigen staining of brain tissue confirmed active Dengue virus (DENV) encephalitis. The most recent possible DENV exposure was months prior in West Africa, indicating chronicity.
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Early Mortality After the First Dose of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination: A Target Trial Emulation Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-06 Kevin W McConeghy, Kwan Hur, Issa J Dahabreh, Rong Jiang, Lucy Pandey, Walid F Gellad, Peter Glassman, Chester B Good, Donald R Miller, Andrew R Zullo, Stefan Gravenstein, Francesca Cunningham
Background Vaccine hesitancy persists alongside concerns about the safety of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. We aimed to examine the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on risk of death among US veterans. Methods We conducted a target trial emulation to estimate and compare risk of death up to 60 days under two COVID-19 vaccination strategies: vaccination within 7 days of enrollment versus
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Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia among people who inject drugs: a national cohort study in England, 2017-2020 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-03 Emma McGuire, Simon M Collin, Colin S Brown, Makoto Saito
Background People who inject drugs (PWID) are at increased risk of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (CA-SAB), but little is known about clinical outcomes of CA-SAB in PWID compared with the wider population of patients with CA-SAB. Methods Three national datasets were linked to provide clinical and mortality data on patients hospitalised with CA-SAB in England between 1 January
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Effect of obesity on the exposure of long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine: a modelling study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-03 Sara Bettonte, Mattia Berton, Felix Stader, Manuel Battegay, Catia Marzolini
Background Obesity is increasingly prevalent among people with HIV (PWH). Obesity can reduce drug exposure; however, limited data are available for long-acting (LA) antiretrovirals. We performed in-silico trials using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling to determine the effect of obesity on the exposure of LA cabotegravir and rilpivirine after the initial injection and after multiple
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New manual qPCR assay validated on tongue swabs collected and processed in Uganda shows sensitivity that rivals sputum-based molecular TB diagnostics Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-02 Amy Steadman, Alfred Andama, Alexey Ball, Job Mukwatamundu, Khushboo Khimani, Tessa Mochizuki, Lucy Asege, Alice Bukirwa, John Baptist Kato, David Katumba, Esther Kisakye, Wilson Mangeni, Sandra Mwebe, Martha Nakaye, Irene Nassuna, Justine Nyawere, Annet Nakaweesa, Catherine Cook, Patrick Phillips, Talemwa Nalugwa, Christine M Bachman, Fred Collins Semitala, Bernhard H Weigl, John Connelly, William
Background Reliance on sputum-based testing is a key barrier to increasing access to molecular diagnostics for tuberculosis (TB). Many people with TB are unable to produce sputum, and sputum processing increases the complexity and cost of molecular assays. Tongue swabs are emerging as an alternative to sputum, but performance limits are uncertain. Methods From June 2022 to July 2023, we enrolled 397
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National Hospitalization Rates and In-Hospital Mortality Rates of HIV-related Opportunistic Infections in the United States, 2011-2018 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-02 Catherine Bielick, Andrew Strumpf, Soutik Ghosal, Tim McMurry, Kathleen A McManus
Background HIV-related opportunistic infections (OIs) cause substantial morbidity and mortality among people with HIV (PWH). US hospitalization and in-hospital mortality rates associated with OIs have not been published using data from the past decade. Methods We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 2011 through 2018. We used sociodemographic, financial, and hospital-level variables
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Non-KPC Attributes of Newer β-lactamase/β-lactamase Inhibitors, Part 1: Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-02 Andrew J Fratoni, Matthew L Gethers, David P Nicolau, Joseph L Kuti
Gram-negative antibiotic resistance continues to grow as a global problem due to the evolution and spread of β-lactamases. The early β-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) are characterized by spectra limited to class A β-lactamases and ineffective against carbapenemases and most extended spectrum β-lactamases. In order to address this therapeutic need, newer BLIs were developed with the goal of treating carbapenemase
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Cefoxitin for Intraamniotic Infections and Endometritis: A Retrospective Comparison to Traditional Antimicrobial Therapy Regimens within a Health System Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Pamela Bailey, Lance Schacht, Grace Pazienza, Joseph Kohn, Ismaeel Yunusa, Patricia Seal, Amy Crockett, Julie Ann Justo
Background Local institutional guidelines and order sets were updated in June 2023 to recommend first-line cefoxitin monotherapy for the treatment of intraamniotic infections (IAI) and endometritis. This study evaluated the clinical impact of this change. Methods This was a retrospective, observational cohort study in an 11-campus health system comparing clinical outcomes of patients with chorioamnionitis
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Development of patient safety measures to identify inappropriate diagnosis of common infections Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Andrea T White, Valerie Vaughn, Lindsay A Petty, Tejal N Gandhi, Jennifer K Horowitz, Scott A Flanders, Steven J Bernstein, Timothy Hofer, David Ratz, Elizabeth S McLaughlin, Daniel Nielsen, Tawny Czilok, Jennifer Minock, Ashwin Gupta
Background Inappropriate diagnosis of infections results in antibiotic overuse and may delay diagnosis of underlying conditions. Here, we describe the development and characteristics of two safety measures of inappropriate diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), the most common inpatient infections on general medicine services. Methods Measures were developed
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State-of-the-Art Review: Use of Antimicrobials at the End of Life Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Daniel Karlin, Christine Pham, Daisuke Furukawa, Ishminder Kaur, Emily Martin, Olivia Kates, Tara Vijayan
Navigating antibiotics at the end of life is a challenge for infectious disease (ID) physicians who remain deeply committed to providing patient-centered care and engaging in shared decision making. ID physicians, who often see patients in both inpatient and outpatient settings and maintain continuity of care for patients with refractory or recurrent infections, are ideally situated to provide guidance
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Exebacase in Addition to Standard-of-Care Antibiotics for Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections and Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis: A Phase 3, Superiority-Design, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial (DISRUPT) Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Vance G Fowler, Anita F Das, Joy Lipka-Diamond, Jane E Ambler, Raymond Schuch, Roger Pomerantz, Cara Cassino, Luis Jáuregui-Peredo, Gregory J Moran, Mark E Rupp, Anne M Lachiewicz, Joseph L Kuti, Robert A Wise, Keith S Kaye, Marcus J Zervos, W Garrett Nichols
Background Novel treatments are needed for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, particularly for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Exebacase is a first-in-class antistaphylococcal lysin that is rapidly bactericidal and synergizes with antibiotics. Methods In DISRUPT, a superiority-design phase 3 study, patients with S. aureus bacteremia/endocarditis were randomly assigned to receive a single dose