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PMMA bone cement with L-arginine/nano fish bone nanocomplex for apatite formation Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Gessica Aurel Khoman, Muhammad Harza Arbaha Kalijaga, Nuning Aisah, Riastuti Fidyaningsih, Jarot Raharjo, Oka P. Arjasa, Ekavianty Prajatelistia
Bone cement is one of the materials used in orthopaedics that serves various functions, such as binding bone implants, replacing damaged bones and filling spaces within bones. Various materials have been used to synthesize bone cement, and one promising material for further research is fish bone waste-based bone cement. This study investigates the potential of fish bone waste-based bone cement by incorporating
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Adsorption of N, He and Ne on CGe nanoribbons for sensing and optoelectronic applications Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Hoang Van Ngoc
Research into nanomaterials yields numerous exceptional applications in contemporary science and technology. The subject of this investigation is a one-dimensional nanostructure, six atoms wide, featuring hydrogen-functionalized edges. The theoretical foundation of this study relies on Density Functional Theory (DFT) and is executed through the utilization of the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package
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Increased impact sensitivity in ageing high explosives; analysis of Amatol extracted from explosive remnants of war Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Geir P. Novik, Dennis Christensen
Millions of tonnes of explosive remnants of war remain in nature and their volume is continuously growing. The explosive legacy of wars represents an increasing threat to the environment and societal safety and security. As munitions continue to deteriorate, harmful constituents will eventually leak into the environment, poisoning ecological receptors and contaminating the surrounding soil and groundwater
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Response of two temperate scleractinian corals to projected ocean warming and marine heatwaves Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Chloe Carbonne, Steeve Comeau, Keyla Plichon, Sébastien Schaub, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Núria Teixidó
The Mediterranean Sea is a hotspot of global change, particularly exposed to ocean warming and the increasing occurrence of marine heatwaves (MHWs). However, experiments based on long-term temperature data from the field are scarce. Here, we investigate the response of the zooxanthellate coral Cladocora caespitosa and the azooxanthellate coral Astroides calycularis to future warming and MHWs based
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Depth variation in benthic community response to repeated marine heatwaves on remote Central Indian Ocean reefs Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Sivajyodee Sannassy Pilly, Ronan C. Roche, Laura E. Richardson, John R. Turner
Coral reefs are increasingly impacted by climate-induced warming events. However, there is limited empirical evidence on the variation in the response of shallow coral reef communities to thermal stress across depths. Here, we assess depth-dependent changes in coral reef benthic communities following successive marine heatwaves from 2015 to 2017 across a 5–25 m depth gradient in the remote Chagos Archipelago
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Ultimate drivers of forced extra-pair copulations in birds lacking a penis: jackdaws as a case-study Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Rebecca Hooper, Kathryn Maher, Karen Moore, Guillam McIvor, David Hosken, Alex Thornton
Forced copulation is common, presumably because it can increase male reproductive success. Forced extra-pair copulation (FEPC) occurs in birds, even though most species lack a penis and are widely thought to require female cooperation for fertilization. How FEPC persists, despite a presumed lack of siring success and likely non-negligible costs to the male, is unknown. Using the jackdaw (Corvus monedula)
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Transfemoral prosthetic simulators versus amputees: ground reaction forces and spatio-temporal parameters in gait Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Toshiki Kobayashi, Abu Jor, Yufan He, Mingyu Hu, Mark W. P. Koh, Genki Hisano, Takeshi Hara, Hiroaki Hobara
This study aimed to compare the ground reaction forces (GRFs) and spatio-temporal parameters as well as their asymmetry ratios in gait between individuals wearing a transfemoral prosthetic simulator (TFSim) and individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation (TFAmp) across a range of walking speeds (2.0–5.5 km h−1). The study recruited 10 non-disabled individuals using TFSim and 10 individuals
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Genomic insights into the population history and adaptive traits of Latin American Criollo cattle Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 James A. Ward, Said I. Ng'ang'a, Imtiaz A. S. Randhawa, Gillian P. McHugo, John F. O'Grady, Julio M. Flórez, John A. Browne, Ana M. Pérez O’Brien, Antonio J. Landaeta-Hernández, Jóse F. Garcia, Tad S. Sonstegard, Laurent A. F. Frantz, Michael Salter-Townshend, David E. MacHugh
Criollo cattle, the descendants of animals brought by Iberian colonists to the Americas, have been the subject of natural and human-mediated selection in novel tropical agroecological zones for centuries. Consequently, these breeds have evolved distinct characteristics such as resistance to diseases and exceptional heat tolerance. In addition to European taurine (Bos taurus) ancestry, it has been proposed
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Tympanal ears mediate male–male competition, courtship and mating success in Bicyclus anynana butterflies Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Galen J. L. Tiong, Lin Naing, Edwin Ng, Emilie Dion, Antónia Monteiro
The presence of intra-specific acoustic communication in diurnal butterflies is not well established. Here, we examined the function of the tympanal ear (Vogel’s organ, VO) in the seasonally polyphenic butterfly Bicyclus anynana in the context of sexual signalling. We investigated how the VO and the flanking enlarged veins, which are suggested sound resonance chambers, scale with wing size across sexes
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Early social complexity influences social behaviour but not social trajectories in a cooperatively breeding cichlid fish Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Océane La Loggia, Alastair J. Wilson, Barbara Taborsky
Social competence—defined as the ability to optimize social behaviour according to available social information—can be influenced by the social environment experienced in early life. In cooperatively breeding vertebrates, the current group size influences behavioural phenotypes, but it is not known whether the group size experienced in early life influences behavioural phenotypes generally or social
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Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales (Orcinus orca): Bigg’s and resident ecotypes deserve species status Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Phillip A. Morin, Morgan L. McCarthy, Charissa W. Fung, John W. Durban, Kim M. Parsons, William F. Perrin, Barbara L. Taylor, Thomas A. Jefferson, Frederick I. Archer
Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are currently recognized as a single ecologically and morphologically diverse, globally distributed species. Multiple morphotypes or ecotypes have been described, often associated with feeding specialization, and several studies have suggested taxonomic revision to include multiple subspecies or species in the genus. We review the ecological, morphological and genetic data
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The demise of large tropical brachiopods and the Mesozoic marine revolution Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Elizabeth M. Harper, Lloyd S. Peck
Changes in predator–prey interactions are often implicated as drivers of major evolutionary change. A prominent example is the dramatic changes in shallow marine assemblages during the Mesozoic Marine Revolution (MMR) when major clades, including rhynchonelliform brachiopods, became restricted and less diverse. Currently, shallow-water temperate and polar brachiopods can be large, but in the tropics
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Social evaluative implications of sensory adaptation to human voices Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Kelsey L. Neuenswander, Grace S. R. Gillespie, David J. Lick, Gregory A. Bryant, Kerri L. Johnson
People form social evaluations of others following brief exposure to their voices, and these impressions are calibrated based on recent perceptual experience. Participants adapted to voices with fundamental frequency (f o; the acoustic correlate of perceptual pitch) manipulated to be gender-typical (i.e. masculine men and feminine women) or gender-atypical (i.e. feminine men and masculine women) before
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Nitrodiazene oxides: a unique nitrogen- and oxygen-containing functional group Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Nicholas F. Scherschel, Davin G. Piercey
Nitrogen-/oxygen-containing functional groups (N/O groups) may be found in a wide variety of areas such as agriculture, drug design and energetic materials. Exploring the chemistry and synthesis of N/O groups is desirable as compounds containing their functionality may prove to be invaluable in a variety of fields. A unique N/O functional group which may offer additional insight into the design of
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How the kidney regulates magnesium: a modelling study Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Pritha Dutta, Shervin Hakimi, Anita T. Layton
The kidneys are crucial for maintaining Mg2+ homeostasis. Along the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb, Mg2+ is reabsorbed paracellularly, while along the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), Mg2+ is reabsorbed transcellularly via transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (TRPM6). TRPM6 and other renal transporter expressions are regulated by sex hormones. To investigate renal Mg2 handling, we have
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New insight into the global record of the Ediacaran tubular morphotype: a common solution to early multicellularity Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Rachel L. Surprenant, Mary L. Droser
The tubular morphogroup is a common component of Earth’s first complex, multicellular communities—the Ediacaran biota—and offers valuable insight into biological traits that are fundamental to animal life because they have intriguing links to metazoan phyla and are highly abundant in Ediacaran ecosystems. Biomineral tubes (e.g. Cloudina) are well described from the Nama assemblage (~550–538 Myr), yielding
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Consistent seasonal flexibility of the gut and its regions across wild populations of a winter-quiescent fish Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Timothy J. Fernandes, Hugo Li, Brian J. Shuter, Bailey C. McMeans
Seasonality in north-temperate environments imposes drastic temperature and resource variations that shape the seasonal ecophysiology of resident organisms. A better understanding of an organism’s capacity to flexibly respond to this drastic seasonal variation may reveal important mechanisms for tolerating or responding to environmental variation introduced by global change. In fishes, the digestive
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Do human–wildlife interactions predict offspring hiding strategies in peri-urban fallow deer? Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Jane Faull, Kimberly Conteddu, Laura L. Griffin, Bawan Amin, Adam F. Smith, Amy Haigh, Simone Ciuti
Human activities can induce significant behavioural changes in wildlife. Often explored through extractive interactions (e.g. hunting) that can favour certain behavioural traits, the implications of non-extractive ones, such as wildlife feeding, remain understudied. Research shows that people tend to favour bolder individuals within populations despite their dynamics and consequences being unclear
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The spring stiffness profile within a passive, full-leg exoskeleton affects lower-limb joint mechanics while hopping Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Stephen P. Allen, Alena M. Grabowski
Passive, full-leg exoskeletons that act in parallel with the legs can reduce the metabolic power of bouncing gaits like hopping. However, the magnitude of metabolic power reduction depends on the spring stiffness profile of the exoskeleton and is presumably affected by how users adapt their lower-limb joint mechanics. We determined the effects of using a passive, full-leg exoskeleton with degressive
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The influence of aortic stiffness on carotid stiffness: computational simulations using a human aorta carotid model Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Marjana Petrova, Yujie Li, Alireza Gholipour, Hosen Kiat, Craig S. McLachlan
Increased aortic and carotid stiffness are independent predictors of adverse cardiovascular events. Arterial stiffness is not uniform across the arterial tree and its accurate assessment is challenging. The complex interactions and influence of aortic stiffness on carotid stiffness have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aortic stiffness on carotid stiffness
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Raising laying hens: housing complexity and genetic strain affect startle reflex amplitude and behavioural response to fear-inducing stimuli Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Ana K. Rentsch, Alexandra Harlander, Lee Niel, Janice M. Siegford, Tina M. Widowski
Individual variation in fearfulness can be modified during ontogeny, and high levels of fear can affect animal welfare. We asked whether early-life environmental complexity and genetic strain affect fear behaviour in young laying hens (pullets). Four replicates of brown (B) and white (W) genetic strains (breeds) of layers were each raised in four environmental treatments (housing): conventional cages
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Contextual measurement model and quantum theory Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Andrei Khrennikov
We develop a contextual measurement model (CMM) that is used for the clarification of the quantum foundations. This model matches Bohr’s views on the role of experimental contexts. CMM is based on a contextual probability theory that is connected with generalized probability theory. CMM covers measurements in classical, quantum and semi-classical physics. The CMM formalism is illustrated by a few examples
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Individualistic attitudes in Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma undermine evolutionary fitness and may drive cooperative human players to extinction Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Erdem Pulcu
Inarguably, humans perform the richest plethora of prosocial behaviours in the animal kingdom, and these are important for understanding how humans navigate their social environment. The success and failure of strategies human players devise also have implications for determining long-term socio-economic/evolutionary fitness. Following the footsteps of Press and Dyson (2012), I implemented their evolutionary
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Differential involvement of the senses in disgust memories Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Elliott Lamond, Supreet Saluja, Chloe Hislop, Richard J. Stevenson
One prediction derived from the disease avoidance account of disgust is that proximal disgust cues (smells, tastes and touches) should elicit this emotion more intensely than distal disgust cues (sights and sounds). If correct, then memories of disgusting experiences should involve smelling, tasting or touching to a greater degree than seeing or hearing. Two surveys were conducted on university students
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The fallacy of global comparisons based on per capita measures Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Lukáš Kratochvíl, Jan Havlíček
Media, social scientists and public health researchers often present comparisons across countries, and policy makers use such comparisons to take evidence-based action. For a meaningful comparison among countries, one often needs to normalize the measure for differences in population size. To address this issue, the first choice is usually to calculate per capita ratios. Such ratios, however, normalize
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Metabolic reprogramming and signalling cross-talks in tumour–immune interaction: a system-level exploration Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Mudita Shukla, Rupa Bhowmick, Piyali Ganguli, Ram Rup Sarkar
Tumour-immune microenvironment (TIME) is pivotal in tumour progression and immunoediting. Within TIME, immune cells undergo metabolic adjustments impacting nutrient supply and the anti-tumour immune response. Metabolic reprogramming emerges as a promising approach to revert the immune response towards a pro-inflammatory state and conquer tumour dominance. This study proposes immunomodulatory mechanisms
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An approach to assessing subsea pipeline-associated mercury release into the North Sea and its potential environmental and human health impact Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Rebecca von Hellfeld, Astley Hastings
Mercury is a naturally occurring heavy metal that has also been associated with anthropogenic sources such as cement production or hydrocarbon extraction. Mercury is a contaminant of concern as it can have a significant negative impact on organismal health when ingested. In aquatic environments, it bioaccumulates up the foodweb, where it then has the potential to impact human health. With the offshore
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Shrinking Alpine chamois: higher spring temperatures over the last 27 years in Switzerland are linked to a 3 kg reduction in body mass of yearlings Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Giulia Masoero, Kristina Georgieva Gencheva, Noémie Ioset, Louis-Félix Bersier, Federico Tettamanti, Pierre Bize
Although climate change is considered to be partly responsible for the size change observed in numerous species, the relevance of this hypothesis for ungulates remains debated. We used body mass measurements of 5635 yearlings (i.e. 1.5 years old) of Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) harvested in September in the Swiss Alps (Ticino canton) from 1992 to 2018. In our study area, during this period
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Soundscape enrichment increases larval settlement rates for the brooding coral Porites astreoides Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Nadège Aoki, Benjamin Weiss, Youenn Jézéquel, Weifeng Gordon Zhang, Amy Apprill, T. Aran Mooney
Coral reefs, hubs of global biodiversity, are among the world’s most imperilled habitats. Healthy coral reefs are characterized by distinctive soundscapes; these environments are rich with sounds produced by fishes and marine invertebrates. Emerging evidence suggests these sounds can be used as orientation and settlement cues for larvae of reef animals. On degraded reefs, these cues may be reduced
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Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in the UK: carbon storage potential and growth rates Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Ross Holland, Guilherme Castro, Cecilia Chavana-Bryant, Ron Levy, Justin Moat, Thomas Robson, Tim Wilkinson, Phil Wilkes, Wanxin Yang, Mathias Disney
Giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum) are some of the UK’s largest trees, despite only being introduced in the mid-nineteenth century. There are an estimated half a million giant sequoias and closely related coastal redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) in the UK. Given the recent interest in planting more trees, partly due to their carbon sequestration potential and also their undoubted public appeal
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Design and optimization of a high-performance multi-barrier IPMS motor for an electric scooter and bicycle Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Halil Gör, Adem Dalcalı
Acknowledging the growing importance of electric vehicles (EVs) in the face of environmental concerns and increasing mobility needs, this study focuses on enhancing the performance of the electric motor, a critical component in EVs. The electric motor of these battery-powered vehicles is expected to have optimal characteristics and efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into
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Heritability of cognitive performance in wild Western Australian magpies Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Elizabeth M. Speechley, Benjamin J. Ashton, Alex Thornton, Leigh W. Simmons, Amanda R. Ridley
Individual differences in cognitive performance can have genetic, social and environmental components. Most research on the heritability of cognitive traits comes from humans or captive non-human animals, while less attention has been given to wild populations. Western Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen dorsalis, hereafter magpies) show phenotypic variation in cognitive performance, which affects
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Caller identification and characterization of individual humpback whale acoustic behaviour Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Julia M. Zeh, Valeria Perez-Marrufo, Dana L. Adcock, Frants H. Jensen, Kaitlyn J. Knapp, Jooke Robbins, Jennifer E. Tackaberry, Mason Weinrich, Ari S. Friedlaender, David N. Wiley, Susan E. Parks
Acoustic recording tags provide fine-scale data linking acoustic signalling with individual behaviour; however, when an animal is in a group, it is challenging to tease apart calls of conspecifics and identify which individuals produce each call. This, in turn, prohibits a robust assessment of individual acoustic behaviour including call rates and silent periods, call bout production within and between
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Synthesis of pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolindiones and formylation: ultrasonically assisted reactions Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-06 Jorge Trilleras, Andrés Charris-Molina, Alfredo Pérez-Gamboa, Paola Acosta-Guzman, Jairo Quiroga
Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of pyrimidoquinolindione derivatives via a multicomponent reaction and subsequent formylation with Vilsmeier–Haack reagent were performed. Compounds were prepared by a one-pot method from aminopyrimidinones, dimedone and aromatic aldehydes through a Mannich-type reaction sequence, and then functionalized under ultrasound irradiation and Vilsmeier–Haack conditions to give
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Himalayan lichen biomass for green synthesis of silver nanocolloids: growth kinetics, effect of pH and metal sensing Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-06 Nirmala Sharma, Surendra Kumar Gautam, Achyut Adhikari, Bhanu Bhakta Neupane
Lichen is one of the most abundant non-vascular biomasses; however, a systematic study on the application of biomass in nanomaterial synthesis is very limited. In this study, an aqueous lichen extract was obtained from Hypotrachyna cirrhata, one of the most abundant Himalayan lichen biomasses, using a simple cold percolation method. The effects of extract-to-silver nitrate mixing ratio, pH and waiting
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Targeting fin whale conservation in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea: insights on movements and behaviour from biologging and habitat modelling Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-06 Viola Panigada, Thomas W. Bodey, Ari Friedlaender, Jean-Noël Druon, Luis A. Huckstädt, Nino Pierantonio, Eduard Degollada, Beatriu Tort, Simone Panigada
Biologging and habitat modelling are key tools supporting the development of conservation measures and mitigating the effects of anthropogenic pressures on marine species. Here, we analysed satellite telemetry data and foraging habitat preferences in relation to chlorophyll-a productivity fronts to understand the movements and behaviour of endangered Mediterranean fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus)
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Reduction of wing area affects estimated stress in the primary flight muscles of chickens. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Grace A T Hong,Bret W Tobalske,Nienke van Staaveren,Emily M Leishman,Tina M Widowski,Donald R Powers,Alexandra Harlander-Matauschek
In flying birds, the pectoralis (PECT) and supracoracoideus (SUPRA) generate most of the power required for flight, while the wing feathers create the aerodynamic forces. However, in domestic laying hens, little is known about the architectural properties of these muscles and the forces the wings produce. As housing space increases for commercial laying hens, understanding these properties is important
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Maths anxiety and subjective perception of control, value and success expectancy in mathematics. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Denes Szucs,Enrico Toffalini
Mathematics anxiety (MA) is an academic anxiety related to doing, learning and testing mathematics. MA can negatively affect mathematics performance, motivation and maths-heavy science and technology-related career choices. Previous data suggest that subjective perceptions and interpretations of students are key in the genesis of MA. Here, based on expectancy-value and control-value theory, we aimed
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Regional differences in historical diphtheria and scarlet fever notification rates in The Netherlands, 1905-1925: a spatial-temporal analysis. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Scott A McDonald,Maarten van Wijhe,Hester de Melker,Dimphey van Meijeren,Jacco Wallinga
BACKGROUND We describe how rates of two frequently occurring notifiable diseases-diphtheria and scarlet fever-varied between regions of The Netherlands in the early twentieth century, and identify potential factors underlying this variation. METHODS Digitized weekly mandatory notification data for 1905-1925, municipality level, were aggregated into 27 'spatial units' defined by unique combinations
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A meta-analytic cognitive framework of nudge and sludge. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Yu Luo,Andrew Li,Dilip Soman,Jiaying Zhao
Public and private institutions have gained traction in developing interventions to alter people's behaviours in predictable ways without limiting the freedom of choice or significantly changing the incentive structure. A nudge is designed to facilitate actions by minimizing friction, while a sludge is an intervention that inhibits actions by increasing friction, but the underlying cognitive mechanisms
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Social uncertainty promotes signal complexity during approaches in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and mangabeys (Cercocebus atys atys). Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Mathilde Grampp,Liran Samuni,Cédric Girard-Buttoz,Julián León,Klaus Zuberbühler,Patrick Tkaczynski,Roman M Wittig,Catherine Crockford
The social complexity hypothesis for the evolution of communication posits that complex social environments require greater communication complexity for individuals to effectively manage their relationships. We examined how different socially uncertain contexts, reflecting an increased level of social complexity, relate to variation in signalling within and between two species, which display varying
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ThermoCyte: an inexpensive open-source temperature control system for in vitro live-cell imaging. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Ross O'Carroll,James P Reynolds,Mazen Al-Roqi,Emmanuelle Damilola Aiyegbusi,Dearbhaile Dooley
Live-cell imaging is a common technique in microscopy to investigate dynamic cellular behaviour and permits the accurate and relevant analysis of a wide range of cellular and tissue parameters, such as motility, cell division, wound healing responses and calcium (Ca2+) signalling in cell lines, primary cell cultures and ex vivo preparations. Furthermore, this can occur under many experimental conditions
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Advances in paper-based electrochemical immunosensors: review of fabrication strategies and biomedical applications. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Jarid du Plooy,Nazeem Jahed,Emmanuel Iwuoha,Keagan Pokpas
Cellulose paper-based sensing devices have shown promise in addressing the accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity, analysis time and cost of current disease diagnostic tools owing to their excellent physical and physiochemical properties, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, strong adsorption capabilities, ease of chemical functionalization for immobilization, biodegradability, biocompatibility and liquid
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Deepfake detection with and without content warnings. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-27 Andrew Lewis,Patrick Vu,Raymond M Duch,Areeq Chowdhury
The rapid advancement of 'deepfake' video technology-which uses deep learning artificial intelligence algorithms to create fake videos that look real-has given urgency to the question of how policymakers and technology companies should moderate inauthentic content. We conduct an experiment to measure people's alertness to and ability to detect a high-quality deepfake among a set of videos. First, we
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Conspicuous stripes on prey capture attention and reduce attacks by foraging jumping spiders. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Lauren Gawel,Erin C Powell,Michelle Brock,Lisa A Taylor
Many animals avoid predation using aposematic displays that pair toxic/dangerous defences with conspicuous achromatic warning patterns, such as high-contrast stripes. To understand how these prey defences work, we need to understand the decision-making of visual predators. Here we gave two species of jumping spiders (Phidippus regius and Habronattus trimaculatus) choice tests using live termites that
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Null regions: a unified conceptual framework for statistical inference. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Adam H Smiley,Jessica J Glazier,Yuichi Shoda
Ruling out the possibility that there is absolutely no effect or association between variables may be a good first step, but it is rarely the ultimate goal of science. Yet that is the only inference provided by traditional null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), which has been a mainstay of many scientific fields. Reliance on NHST also makes it difficult to define what it means to replicate a
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Molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction between palmitic acid and high pressure CO2. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Fei Li,Fayu Sun,Zirui Li,Zihao Zheng,Weiqiang Wang
In this study, molecular dynamics simulation was used to explore the interaction characteristics of palmitic acid and CO2, and the effects of temperature and pressure on the solubility of palmitic acid in CO2 were investigated. In the range of 293-353 K and 5-30 MPa, the snapshot of palmitic acid distribution in CO2 shows that the molecular chain of palmitic acid in high-density CO2 system is more
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Effect of the loading condition on the statistics of crackling noise accompanying the failure of porous rocks. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Csanád Szuszik,Ian G Main,Ferenc Kun
We test the hypothesis that loading conditions affect the statistical features of crackling noise accompanying the failure of porous rocks by performing discrete element simulations of the tensile failure of model rocks and comparing the results to those of compressive simulations of the same samples. Cylindrical samples are constructed by sedimenting randomly sized spherical particles connected by
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Global warming intensifies the interference competition by a poleward-expanding invader on a native dragonfly species. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Koki Nagano,Masayoshi K Hiraiwa,Naoto Ishiwaka,Yugo Seko,Koya Hashimoto,Taizo Uchida,Francisco Sánchez-Bayo,Daisuke Hayasaka
Rapid climate warming has boosted biological invasions and the distribution or expansion polewards of many species: this can cause serious impacts on local ecosystems within the invaded areas. Subsequently, native species may be exposed to threats of both interspecific competition with invaders and temperature rises. However, effects of warming on interspecific interactions, especially competition
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Beyond kindness: a proposal for the flourishing of science and scientists alike. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Frank Schumann,Mareike Smolka,Zoltan Dienes,Annika Lübbert,Wolfgang Lukas,Mary Gehring Rees,Enrico Fucci,Marieke van Vugt
We argue that many of the crises currently afflicting science can be associated with a present failure of science to sufficiently embody its own values. Here, we propose a response beyond mere crisis resolution based on the observation that an ethical framework of flourishing derived from the Buddhist tradition aligns surprisingly well with the values of science itself. This alignment, we argue, suggests
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Reconstructing Pleistocene Australian herbivore megafauna diet using calcium and strontium isotopes. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Dafne Koutamanis,Matthew McCurry,Theo Tacail,Anthony Dosseto
Isotopes in fossil tooth enamel provide robust tools for reconstructing food webs, which have been understudied in Australian megafauna. To delineate the isotopic composition of primary consumers and understand dietary behaviour at the base of the food web, we investigate calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr) isotope compositions of Pleistocene marsupial herbivores from Wellington Caves and Bingara (New
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Sublethal doses of insecticide reduce thermal tolerance of a stingless bee and are not avoided in a resource choice test. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Holly Farnan,Peter Yeeles,Lori Lach
Insecticides and climate change are among the multiple stressors that bees face, but little is known about their synergistic effects, especially for non-Apis bee species. In laboratory experiments, we tested whether the stingless bee Tetragonula hockingsi avoids insecticide in sucrose solutions and how T. hockingsi responds to insecticide and heat stress combined. We found that T. hockingsi neither
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Conserved grasslands support similar pollinator diversity as pollinator-specific practice regardless of proximal cropland and pesticide exposure. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Johanna M Kraus,Kelly L Smalling,Mark W Vandever,Carrie E Givens,Cassandra D Smith,Dana W Kolpin,Michelle L Hladik
Pollinator diversity and abundance are declining globally. Cropland agriculture and the corresponding use of agricultural pesticides may contribute to these declines, while increased pollinator habitat (flowering plants) can help mitigate them. Here we tested whether the relative effect of wildflower plantings on pollinator diversity and counts were modified by proportion of nearby agricultural land
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The effects of communicating uncertainty around statistics, on public trust. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 John Kerr,Anne-Marthe van der Bles,Sarah Dryhurst,Claudia R Schneider,Vivien Chopurian,Alexandra L J Freeman,Sander van der Linden
Uncertainty around statistics is inevitable. However, communicators of uncertain statistics, particularly in high-stakes and potentially political circumstances, may be concerned that presenting uncertainties could undermine the perceived trustworthiness of the information or its source. In a large survey experiment (Study 1; N = 10 519), we report that communicating uncertainty around present COVID-19
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Reconstructing the feeding ecology of Cambrian sponge reefs: the case for active suspension feeding in Archaeocyatha. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Brandt M Gibson,Max Chipman,Paolo Attanasio,Zaid Qureshi,Simon A F Darroch,Imran A Rahman,Marc Laflamme
Sponge-grade Archaeocyatha were early Cambrian biomineralizing metazoans that constructed reefs globally. Despite decades of research, many facets of archaeocyath palaeobiology remain unclear, making it difficult to reconstruct the palaeoecology of Cambrian reef ecosystems. Of specific interest is how these organisms fed; previous experimental studies have suggested that archaeocyaths functioned as
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The name of the game: palaeoproteomics and radiocarbon dates further refine the presence and dispersal of caprines in eastern and southern Africa. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Louise Le Meillour,Antoine Zazzo,Séverine Zirah,Olivier Tombret,Véronique Barriel,Kathryn W Arthur,John W Arthur,Jessie Cauliez,Louis Chaix,Matthew C Curtis,Diane Gifford-Gonzalez,Imogen Gunn,Xavier Gutherz,Elisabeth Hildebrand,Lamya Khalidi,Marie Millet,Peter Mitchell,Jacqueline Studer,Emmanuelle Vila,Frido Welker,David Pleurdeau,Joséphine Lesur
We report the first large-scale palaeoproteomics research on eastern and southern African zooarchaeological samples, thereby refining our understanding of early caprine (sheep and goat) pastoralism in Africa. Assessing caprine introductions is a complicated task because of their skeletal similarity to endemic wild bovid species and the sparse and fragmentary state of relevant archaeological remains
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A new approach to derive productivity of tropical forests using radar remote sensing measurements. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Hans Henniger,Andreas Huth,Friedrich J Bohn
Deriving gross & net primary productivity (GPP & NPP) and carbon turnover time of forests from remote sensing remains challenging. This study presents a novel approach to estimate forest productivity by combining radar remote sensing measurements, machine learning and an individual-based forest model. In this study, we analyse the role of different spatial resolutions on predictions in the context
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Mitigating bycatch in Mediterranean trammel net fisheries using species-specific gear modifications. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Kostas Ganias,Alexandra Karatza,Katerina Charitonidou,Dimitrios Lachouvaris
Small-scale fisheries (SSF) use static gear which are thought to interact with marine ecosystems more benignly than towed gear. Despite this, trammel nets, one of the most extensively used type of fishing gear in the Mediterranean SSF, generate large amounts of discards, which can account for 25% or more of the captured biomass. Discarded organisms may include endangered or threatened species such
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What are patterns of rise and decline? Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Aura Raulo,Alexis Rojas,Björn Kröger,Antti Laaksonen,Carlos Lamuela Orta,Silva Nurmio,Mirva Peltoniemi,Leo Lahti,Indrė Žliobaitė
The notions of change, such as birth, death, growth, evolution and longevity, extend across reality, including biological, cultural and societal phenomena. Patterns of change describe how success and composition of every entity, from species to societies, vary across time. Languages develop into new languages, music and fashion continuously evolve, economies rise and decline, ecological and societal
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An epistemology for democratic citizen science. Royal Soc. Open Sci. (IF 3.5) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Johannes Jaeger,Camille Masselot,Bastian Greshake Tzovaras,Enric Senabre Hidalgo,Mordechai Muki Haklay,Marc Santolini
More than ever, humanity relies on robust scientific knowledge of the world and our place within it. Unfortunately, our contemporary view of science is still suffused with outdated ideas about scientific knowledge production based on a naive kind of realism. These ideas persist among members of the public and scientists alike. They contribute to an ultra-competitive system of academic research, which