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Optimizing competence in the service of collaboration Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2024-03-18 Yang Xiang, Natalia Vélez, Samuel J. Gershman
In order to efficiently divide labor with others, it is important to understand what our collaborators can do (i.e., their ). However, competence is not static—people get better at particular jobs the more often they perform them. This plasticity of competence creates a challenge for collaboration: For example, is it better to assign tasks to whoever is most competent now, or to the person who can
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The structure and development of explore-exploit decision making Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2024-03-10 Madeline B. Harms, Yuyan Xu, C. Shawn Green, Kristina Woodard, Robert Wilson, Seth D. Pollak
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The perceptual timescape: Perceptual history on the sub-second scale Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2024-03-06 P, e, t, e, r, , A, ., , W, h, i, t, e
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Infants can use temporary or scant categorical information to individuate objects Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2024-02-26 Yi Lin, Maayan Stavans, Xia Li, Renée Baillargeon
In a standard individuation task, infants see two different objects emerge in alternation from behind a screen. If they can assign distinct categorical descriptors to the two objects, they expect to see both objects when the screen is lowered; if not, they have no expectation at all about what they will see (i.e., two objects, one object, or no object). Why is contrastive categorical information critical
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What’s in a sample? Epistemic uncertainty and metacognitive awareness in risk taking Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Sebastian Olschewski, Benjamin Scheibehenne
In a fundamentally uncertain world, sound information processing is a prerequisite for effective behavior. Given that information processing is subject to inevitable cognitive imprecision, decision makers should adapt to this imprecision and to the resulting epistemic uncertainty when taking risks. We tested this metacognitive ability in two experiments in which participants estimated the expected
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No position-specific interference from prior lists in cued recognition: A challenge for position coding (and other) theories of serial memory Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2024-02-19 Gordon D. Logan, Gregory E. Cox, Simon D. Lilburn, Jana E. Ulrich
Position-specific intrusions of items from prior lists are rare but important phenomena that distinguish broad classes of theory in serial memory. They are uniquely predicted by position coding theories, which assume items on all lists are associated with the same set of codes representing their positions. Activating a position code activates items associated with it in current and prior lists in proportion
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Anaphoric distance dependencies in visual narrative structure and processing Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Neil Cohn, Lincy van Middelaar, Tom Foulsham, Joost Schilperoord
Linguistic syntax has often been claimed as uniquely complex due to features like anaphoric relations and distance dependencies. However, visual narratives of sequential images, like those in comics, have been argued to use sequencing mechanisms analogous to those in language. These narrative structures include “refiner” panels that “zoom in” on the contents of another panel. Similar to anaphora in
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Dual-process modeling of sequential decision making in the balloon analogue risk task Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-11 Ran Zhou, Mark A. Pitt
People are often faced with repeated risky decisions that involve uncertainty. In sequential risk-taking tasks, like the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), the underlying decision process is not yet fully understood. Dual-process theory proposes that human cognition involves two main families of processes, often referred to as System 1 (fast and automatic) and System 2 (slow and conscious). We cross
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A unified account of simple and response-selective inhibition Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Quentin F. Gronau, Mark R. Hinder, Sauro E. Salomoni, Dora Matzke, Andrew Heathcote
Response inhibition is a key attribute of human executive control. Standard stop-signal tasks require countermanding a single response; the speed at which that response can be inhibited indexes the efficacy of the inhibitory control networks. However, more complex stopping tasks, where one or more components of a multi-component action are cancelled (i.e., response-selective stopping) cannot be explained
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Retrieving effectively from source memory: Evidence for differentiation and local matching processes Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2024-01-05 Sinem Aytaç, Aslı Kılıç, Amy H. Criss, David Kellen
The ability to distinguish between different explanations of human memory abilities continues to be the subject of many ongoing theoretical debates. These debates attempt to account for a growing corpus of empirical phenomena in item-memory judgments, which include the , the and . One of the main theoretical contenders is the Retrieving Effectively from Memory (REM) model. We show that REM, in its
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Modelling orthographic similarity effects in recognition memory reveals support for open bigram representations of letter coding Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-12-02 Lyulei Zhang, Adam.F. Osth
A variety of letter string representations has been proposed in the reading literature to account for empirically established orthographic similarity effects from masked priming studies. However, these similarity effects have not been explored in episodic memory paradigms and very few memory models have employed orthographic representation of words. In the current work, through two recognition memory
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The impact of cognitive resource constraints on goal prioritization Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Manikya Alister, Scott L. Herbert, David K. Sewell, Andrew Neal, Timothy Ballard
Many decisions we face daily entail deliberation about how to coordinate resources shared between multiple, competing goals. When time permits, people appear to approach these goal prioritization problems by analytically considering all goal-relevant information to arrive at a prioritization decision. However, it is not yet clear if this normative strategy extends to situations characterized by resource
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Interactive structure building in sentence production Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-11-28 Kumiko Fukumura, Fang Yang
How speakers sequence words and phrases remains a central question in cognitive psychology. Here we focused on understanding the representations and processes that underlie structural priming, the speaker’s tendency to repeat sentence structures encountered earlier. Verb repetition from the prime to the target led to a stronger tendency to produce locative variants of the spray-load alternation following
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Evidence accumulation is not essential for generating intertemporal preference: A comparison of dynamic cognitive models of matching tasks Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-10-21 Xuhui Zhang, Zhuoyi Fan, Yue Shen, Junyi Dai
Intertemporal preference has been investigated mainly with a choice paradigm. However, a matching paradigm might be more informative for a proper inference about intertemporal preference and a deep understanding of the underlying cognitive mechanisms. This research involved two empirical studies using the matching paradigm and compared various corresponding dynamic models. These models were developed
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Risky decisions are influenced by individual attributes as a function of risk preference Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-10-12 Douglas G. Lee, Marco D'Alessandro, Pierpaolo Iodice, Cinzia Calluso, Aldo Rustichini, Giovanni Pezzulo
It has long been assumed in economic theory that multi-attribute decisions involving several attributes or dimensions – such as probabilities and amounts of money to be earned during risky choices – are resolved by first combining the attributes of each option to form an overall expected value and then comparing the expected values of the alternative options, using a unique evidence accumulation process
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Modeling the continuous recognition paradigm to determine how retrieval can impact subsequent retrievals Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-10-11 Julian Fox, Adam F. Osth
There are several ways in which retrieval during a memory test can harm memory: (a) retrieval can cause an increase in interference due to the storage of additional information (i.e., item-noise); (b) retrieval can decrease accessibility to studied items due to context drift; and (c) retrieval can result in a trade in accuracy for speed as testing progresses. While these mechanisms produce similar
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Learning dimensions of meaning: Children’s acquisition of but Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-10-10 Barbora Skarabela, Nora Cuthbert, Alice Rees, Hannah Rohde, Hugh Rabagliati
Connectives such as but are critical for building coherent discourse. They also express meanings that do not fit neatly into the standard distinction between semantics and implicated pragmatics. How do children acquire them? Corpus analyses indicate that children use these words in a sophisticated way by the early pre-school years, but a small number of experimental studies also suggest that children
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Learning to generalise but not segment an artificial language at 17 months predicts children’s language skills 3 years later Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-10-07 Padraic Monaghan, Seamus Donnelly, Katie Alcock, Amy Bidgood, Kate Cain, Samantha Durrant, Rebecca L.A. Frost, Lana S. Jago, Michelle S. Peter, Julian M. Pine, Heather Turnbull, Caroline F. Rowland
We investigated whether learning an artificial language at 17 months was predictive of children’s natural language vocabulary and grammar skills at 54 months. Children at 17 months listened to an artificial language containing non-adjacent dependencies, and were then tested on their learning to segment and to generalise the structure of the language. At 54 months, children were then tested on a range
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Syntactic theory of mathematical expressions Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-23 Daiki Matsumoto, Tomoya Nakai
Mathematical expressions consist of recursive combinations of numbers, variables, and operators. According to theoretical linguists, the syntactic mechanisms of natural language also provide a basis for mathematics. To date, however, no theoretically rigorous investigation has been conducted to support such arguments. Therefore, this study uses a methodology based on theoretical linguistics to analyze
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How trial-to-trial learning shapes mappings in the mental lexicon: Modelling lexical decision with linear discriminative learning Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-14 Maria Heitmeier, Yu-Ying Chuang, R. Harald Baayen
Trial-to-trial effects have been found in a number of studies, indicating that processing a stimulus influences responses in subsequent trials. A special case are priming effects which have been modelled successfully with error-driven learning (Marsolek, 2008), implying that participants are continuously learning during experiments. This study investigates whether trial-to-trial learning can be detected
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Psychological value theory: A computational cognitive model of charitable giving Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-04 Dale J. Cohen, Monica K. Campbell, Philip T. Quinlan
Charitable giving involves a complex economic and social decision because the giver expends resources for goods or services they will never receive. Although psychologists have identified numerous factors that influence charitable giving, there currently exists no unifying computational model of charitable choice. Here, we submit one such model, based within the strictures of Psychological Value Theory
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A spatially continuous diffusion model of visual working memory Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-31 Alex Fennell, Roger Ratcliff
We present results from five visual working memory (VWM) experiments in which participants were briefly shown between 2 and 6 colored squares. They were then cued to recall the color of one of the squares and they responded by choosing the color on a continuous color wheel. The experiments provided response proportions and response time (RT) measures as a function of angle for the choices. Current
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Testing formal cognitive models of classification and old-new recognition in a real-world high-dimensional category domain Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Brian J. Meagher, Robert M. Nosofsky
Categorization and old-new recognition memory are closely linked topics in the cognitive-psychology literature and there have been extensive past efforts at developing unified formal modeling accounts of these fundamental psychological processes. However, the existing formal-modeling literature has almost exclusively used small sets of simplified stimuli and artificial category structures. The present
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Form to meaning mapping and the impact of explicit morpheme combination in novel word processing Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-18 Rolando Bonandrini, Simona Amenta, Simone Sulpizio, Marco Tettamanti, Alessia Mazzucchelli, Marco Marelli
In the present study, we leveraged computational methods to explore the extent to which, relative to direct access to semantics from orthographic cues, the additional appreciation of morphological cues is advantageous while inducing the meaning of affixed pseudo-words. We re-analyzed data from a study on a lexical decision task for affixed pseudo-words. We considered a parsimonious model only including
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Norm conflicts and epistemic modals Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-14 Niels Skovgaard-Olsen, John Cantwell
Statements containing epistemic modals (e.g., “by spring 2023 most European countries may have the Covid-19 pandemic under control”) are common expressions of epistemic uncertainty. In this paper, previous published findings (Knobe & Yalcin, 2014; Khoo & Phillips, 2018) on the opposition between Contextualism and Relativism for epistemic modals are re-examined. It is found that these findings contain
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It's not just what we don't know: The mapping problem in the acquisition of negation Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-09 Victor Gomes, Rebecca Doherty, Daniel Smits, Susan Goldin-Meadow, John C. Trueswell, Roman Feiman
How do learners learn what no and not mean when they are only presented with what is? Given its complexity, abstractness, and roles in logic, truth-functional negation might be a conceptual accomplishment. As a result, young children’s gradual acquisition of negation words might be due to their undergoing a gradual conceptual change that is necessary to represent those words’ logical meaning. However
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Serial attention to serial memory: The psychological refractory period in forward and backward cued recall Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-07-08 Gordon D. Logan, Simon D. Lilburn, Jana E. Ulrich
Guided by the conjecture that memory retrieval is attention turned inward, we examined serial attention in serial memory, combining the psychological refractory period (PRP) procedure from attention research with cued recall of two items from brief six-item lists. We report six experiments showing robust PRP effects in cued recall from memory (1–4) and cued report from perceptual displays (5–6), which
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Keeping quantifier meaning in mind: Connecting semantics, cognition, and pragmatics Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-07-03 Tyler Knowlton, John Trueswell, Anna Papafragou
A complete theory of the meaning of linguistic expressions needs to explain their semantic properties, their links to non-linguistic cognition, and their use in communication. Even though in principle interconnected, these areas are generally not pursued in tandem. We present a novel take on the semantics-cognition-pragmatics interface. We propose that formal semantic differences in expressions’ meanings
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What's so hard about hierarchical control? Pinpointing processing constraints within cue-based and serial-order control structures. Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-06-21 Melissa E Moss,Ulrich Mayr
Most task spaces require a hierarchical structure, where decisions on one level are contingent on previous decisions made on one or more higher levels. While it is a truism that increasing the number of hierarchical levels makes it harder to solve a given task, the exact nature of this "number-of-levels" effect is not clear. On the one hand, processing costs might be strictly "local," incurred only
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Middle-schoolers' misconceptions in discretized nonsymbolic proportional reasoning explain fraction biases better than their continuous reasoning: Evidence from correlation and cluster analyses Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-23 Roberto A. Abreu-Mendoza, Arthur B. Powell, K. Ann Renninger, Luis M. Rivera, John Vulic, Steve Weimar, Miriam Rosenberg-Lee
Early emerging nonsymbolic proportional skills have been posited as a foundational ability for later fraction learning. A positive relation between nonsymbolic and symbolic proportional reasoning has been reported, as well as successful nonsymbolic training and intervention programs enhancing fraction magnitude skills. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Of particular
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Two pathways in vocabulary development: Large-scale differences in noun and verb semantic structure Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-18 Justin B. Kueser, Sabrina Horvath, Arielle Borovsky
In adults, nouns and verbs have varied and multilevel semantic interrelationships. In children, evidence suggests that nouns and verbs also have semantic interrelationships, though the timing of the emergence of these relationships and their precise impact on later noun and verb learning are not clear. In this work, we ask whether noun and verb semantic knowledge in 16–30-month-old children tend to
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Events and objects are similar cognitive entities Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Anna Papafragou, Yue Ji
Logico-semantic theories have long noted parallels between the linguistic representation of temporal entities (events) and spatial entities (objects): bounded (or telic) predicates such as fix a car resemble count nouns such as sandcastle because they are “atoms” that have well-defined boundaries, contain discrete minimal parts and cannot be divided arbitrarily. By contrast, unbounded (or atelic) phrases
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Heterogeneity of rules in Bayesian reasoning: A toolbox analysis Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Jan K. Woike, Ralph Hertwig, Gerd Gigerenzer
How do people infer the Bayesian posterior probability from stated base rate, hit rate, and false alarm rate? This question is not only of theoretical relevance but also of practical relevance in medical and legal settings. We test two competing theoretical views: single-process theories versus toolbox theories. Single-process theories assume that a single process explains people’s inferences and have
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Promoting climate actions: A cognitive-constraints approach Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-06 Junho Lee, Emily F. Wong, Patricia W. Cheng
The present paper reports an experiment with a two-year-delayed (M = 695 days) follow-up that tests an approach to raising willingness to take political and personal climate actions. Many Americans still do not view climate change as a threat requiring urgent action. Moreover, among American conservatives, higher science literacy is paradoxically associated with higher anthropogenic climate-change
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The role of rehearsal and reminding in the recall of categorized word lists Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-05-02 Geoff Ward, Lydia Tan
Most theories of free recall emphasize the importance of retrieval in explaining temporal and semantic regularities in recall; rehearsal mechanisms are often absent or limit rehearsal to a subset of what was last rehearsed. However, in three experiments using the overt rehearsal method, we show clear evidence that just-presented items act as retrieval cues during encoding (study-phase retrieval) with
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Analogical inferences mediated by relational categories Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-03-29 Ricardo A. Minervino, Adrián Margni, Máximo Trench
The standard approach posits that analogical inferences are generated by copying unmapped base relations, substituting mapped target entities for source entities, and generating slots for base entities that have not found a correspondence in the target. In the present study we argue that this mechanism does not adequately explain the generation of inferences mediated by relational categories. Experiment
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Information acquisition and decision strategies in intertemporal choice Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-03-28 Lisheng He, Daniel Wall, Crystal Reeck, Sudeep Bhatia
Intertemporal decision models describe choices between outcomes with different delays. While these models mainly focus on predicting choices, they make implicit assumptions about how people acquire and process information. A link between information processing and choice model predictions is necessary for a complete mechanistic account of decision making. We establish this link by fitting 18 intertemporal
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The spatiotemporal gradient of intrusion errors in continuous outcome source memory: Source retrieval is affected by both guessing and intrusions Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Jason Zhou, Adam F. Osth, Philip L. Smith
Previous research has characterized source retrieval as a thresholded process, which fails on a proportion of trials and leads to guessing, as opposed to a continuous process, in which response precision varies across trials but is never zero. The thresholded view of source retrieval is largely based on the observation of heavy tailed distributions of response errors, thought to reflect a large proportion
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Probability and intentional action Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-02-09 Spencer R. Ericson, Stephanie Denison, John Turri, Ori Friedman
How does probability affect attributions of intentionality? In five experiments (total N = 1410), we provide evidence for a probability raising account holding that people are more likely to see the outcome of an agent’s action as intentional if the agent does something to increase the odds of that outcome. Experiment 1 found that high probability without probability raising does not suffice for strong
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Relational and lexical similarity in analogical reasoning and recognition memory: Behavioral evidence and computational evaluation Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2023-01-30 Nicholas Ichien, Katherine L. Alfred, Sophia Baia, David J.M. Kraemer, Keith J. Holyoak, Silvia A. Bunge, Hongjing Lu
We examined the role of different types of similarity in both analogical reasoning and recognition memory. On recognition tasks, people more often falsely report having seen a recombined word pair (e.g., flower: garden) if it instantiates the same semantic relation (e.g., is a part of) as a studied word pair (e.g., house: town). This phenomenon, termed relational luring, has been interpreted as evidence
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Active causal structure learning in continuous time Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-12-29 Tianwei Gong, Tobias Gerstenberg, Ralf Mayrhofer, Neil R. Bramley
Research on causal cognition has largely focused on learning and reasoning about contingency data aggregated across discrete observations or experiments. However, this setting represents only the tip of the causal cognition iceberg. A more general problem lurking beneath is that of learning the latent causal structure that connects events and actions as they unfold in continuous time. In this paper
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Facial typicality and attractiveness reflect an ideal dimension of face structure Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-12-30 Logan T. Trujillo, Erin M. Anderson
Face perception and recognition are important processes for social interaction and communication among humans, so understanding how faces are mentally represented and processed has major implications. At the same time, faces are just some of the many stimuli that we encounter in our everyday lives. Therefore, more general theories of how we represent objects might also apply to faces. Contemporary
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The role of task-relevant and task-irrelevant information in congruency sequence effects: Applying the diffusion model for conflict tasks Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-12-28 Valentin Koob, Ian Mackenzie, Rolf Ulrich, Hartmut Leuthold, Markus Janczyk
In conflict tasks, such as the Simon, Eriksen flanker, or Stroop task, the congruency effect is often reduced after an incongruent compared to a congruent trial: the congruency sequence effect (CSE). It was suggested that the CSE may reflect increased processing of task-relevant information and/or suppression of task-irrelevant information after experiencing an incongruent relative to a congruent trial
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The perceived dilution of causal strength Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-12-15 Simon Stephan, Neele Engelmann, Michael R. Waldmann
Dependency theories of causal reasoning, such as causal Bayes net accounts, postulate that the strengths of individual causal links are independent of the causal structure in which they are embedded; they are inferred from dependency information, such as statistical regularities. We propose a psychological account that postulates that reasoners’ concept of causality is richer. It predicts a systematic
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Evidence for abstract representations in children but not capuchin monkeys Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-12-08 Elisa Felsche, Patience Stevens, Christoph J. Völter, Daphna Buchsbaum, Amanda M. Seed
The use of abstract higher-level knowledge (also called overhypotheses) allows humans to learn quickly from sparse data and make predictions in new situations. Previous research has suggested that humans may be the only species capable of abstract knowledge formation, but this remains controversial. There is also mixed evidence for when this ability emerges over human development. Kemp et al. (2007)
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Contextuality and context-sensitivity in probabilistic models of cognition Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-12-05 P.D. Bruza, L. Fell, P. Hoyte, S. Dehdashti, A. Obeid, A. Gibson, C. Moreira
The context-sensitivity of cognition has been demonstrated across a wide range of cognitive functions such as perception, memory, judgement and decision making. A related term, ‘contextuality’, has appeared from the field of quantum cognition, with mounting empirical evidence demonstrating that cognitive phenomena are sometimes contextual. Contextuality is a subtle notion that influences how we must
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Demonstrative systems: From linguistic typology to social cognition Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-11-24 Paula Rubio-Fernandez
This study explores the connection between language and social cognition by empirically testing different typological analyses of various demonstrative systems. Linguistic typology classifies demonstrative systems as distance-oriented or person-oriented, depending on whether they indicate the location of a referent relative only to the speaker, or to both the speaker and the listener. From the perspective
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A language of thought for the mental representation of geometric shapes Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-11-17 Mathias Sablé-Meyer, Kevin Ellis, Josh Tenenbaum, Stanislas Dehaene
In various cultures and at all spatial scales, humans produce a rich complexity of geometric shapes such as lines, circles or spirals. Here, we propose that humans possess a language of thought for geometric shapes that can produce line drawings as recursive combinations of a minimal set of geometric primitives. We present a programming language, similar to Logo, that combines discrete numbers and
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How “is” shapes “ought” for folk-biological concepts Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-11-13 Emily Foster-Hanson, Tania Lombrozo
Knowing which features are frequent among a biological kind (e.g., that most zebras have stripes) shapes people’s representations of what category members are like (e.g., that typical zebras have stripes) and normative judgments about what they ought to be like (e.g., that zebras should have stripes). In the current work, we ask if people’s inclination to explain why features are frequent is a key
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Developmental trajectories of delay discounting from childhood to young adulthood: longitudinal associations and test-retest reliability Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-09-29 Samuel D. Klein, Paul F. Collins, Monica Luciana
Delay discounting (DD) indexes an individual’s preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards, and is considered a form of cognitive impulsivity. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that DD peaks in adolescence; longitudinal studies are needed to validate this putative developmental trend, and to determine whether DD assesses a temporary state, or reflects a more stable
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The quest for simplicity in human learning: Identifying the constraints on attention Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-09-21 Matthew Galdo, Emily R. Weichart, Vladimir M. Sloutsky, Brandon M. Turner
For better or worse, humans live a resource-constrained existence; only a fraction of physical sensations ever reach conscious awareness, and we store a shockingly small subset of these experiences in memory for later use. Here, we examined the effects of attention constraints on learning. Among models that frame selective attention as an optimization problem, attention orients toward information that
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Inductive biases in theory-based reinforcement learning Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-09-21 Thomas Pouncy, Samuel J. Gershman
Understanding the inductive biases that allow humans to learn in complex environments has been an important goal of cognitive science. Yet, while we have discovered much about human biases in specific learning domains, much of this research has focused on simple tasks that lack the complexity of the real world. In contrast, video games involving agents and objects embedded in richly structured systems
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MEM-EX: An exemplar memory model of decisions from experience Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-09-15 Jared M. Hotaling, Chris Donkin, Andreas Jarvstad, Ben R. Newell
Many real-world decisions must be made on basis of experienced outcomes. However, there is little consensus about the mechanisms by which people make these decisions from experience (DfE). Across five experiments, we identified several factors influencing DfE. We also introduce a novel computational modeling framework, the memory for exemplars model (MEM-EX), which posits that decision makers rely
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Integrated diffusion models for distance effects in number memory Cogn. Psychol. (IF 2.6) Pub Date : 2022-09-14 Roger Ratcliff
I evaluated three models for the representation of numbers in memory. These were integrated with the diffusion decision model to explain accuracy and response time (RT) data from a recognition memory experiment in which the stimuli were two-digit numbers. The integrated models accounted for distance/confusability effects: when a test number was numerically close to a studied number, accuracy was lower