Abstract
Effect of microstructural changes after friction stir processing (FSP) on the corrosion behaviour of rare earth containing QE22 magnesium alloy is studied. FSP produced ultrafine-grained α-Mg matrix and refined the Mg12Nd precipitates whereas Mg12Nd2Ag precipitates got dissolved in the matrix. Although its hardness increased from 76 to 90 VHN, the FSPed alloy displayed inferior corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. This is attributed mainly to the iron contamination from FSP and presence of refined second phase particles which work as active cathodic sites. The role of distributed Mg12Nd precipitates before and after FSP is analysed from micro galvanic corrosion point of view.
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
Agnew, S.R. (2012). Advances in wrought magnesium alloys. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited.Search in Google Scholar
Atrens, A., Johnston, S., Shi, Z., and Dargusch, M.S. (2018). Viewpoint - understanding Mg corrosion in the body for biodegradable medical implants. Scripta Mater. 154: 92–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.05.021.Search in Google Scholar
Bahmani, A., Arthanari, S., and Shin, K.S. (2021). Achieving a high corrosion resistant and high strength magnesium alloy using multi directional forging. J. Alloys Compd. 856: 158077, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158077.Search in Google Scholar
Cao, C. (1990a). On the impedance plane displays for irreversible electrode based on the stability conditions of the steady-state: I. One state variable besides electrode potential. Electrochim. Acta 35: 831–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(90)90077-d.Search in Google Scholar
Cao, C. (1990b). On the impedance plane displays for irreversible electrode reactions based on the stability conditions of the steady-state: II. Two state variables besides electrode potential. Electrochim. Acta 35: 837–844. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(90)90078-e.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, W.M., Cheng, F.T., Leung, L.K., Horylev, R.J., and Yue, T.M. (1998). Corrosion behaviour of magnesium alloy AZ91 and its MMC in NaCl solution. Corrosion Rev. 16: 43–52.10.1515/CORRREV.1998.16.1-2.43Search in Google Scholar
Chen, K., Dai, J., and Zhang, X. (2015). Improvement of corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys for biomedical applications. Corrosion Rev. 33: 101–117, https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2015-0007.Search in Google Scholar
Eliezer, A., Gutman, E.M., Abramov, E., and Aghion, E. (1998). Corrosion fatigue and mechanochemical behavior of magnesium alloy. Corrosion Rev. 16: 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev.1998.16.1-2.1.Search in Google Scholar
Fakhar, N. and Sabbaghian, M. (2021). A good combination of ductility, strength, and corrosion resistance of fine-grained ZK60 magnesium alloy produced by repeated upsetting process for biodegradable applications. J. Alloys Compd. 862: 158334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158334.Search in Google Scholar
Gravian, R., Peberea, N., Laurino, A., and Blanc, C. (2017). Corrosion behaviour of an assembly between an AA1370 cable and a pure copper connector for car manufacturing applications. Corrosion Sci. 119: 79–90.10.1016/j.corsci.2017.02.022Search in Google Scholar
Hoog, C., Birbilis, N., and Estrin, Y. (2008). Corrosion of pure Mg as a function of grain size and processing route. Adv. Eng. Mater. 10: 579–582.10.1002/adem.200800046Search in Google Scholar
Hughes, A.E., Parvizi, R., and Forsyth, M. (2015). Microstructure and corrosion of AA2024. Corrosion Rev. 33: 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2014-0039.Search in Google Scholar
Jayaraj, J., Amruth, S., Srinivasan, A., Ananthakumar, S., Pillai, U.T.S., Dhaipule, N.G.K., and Mudali, U.K. (2016). Composite magnesium phosphate coatings for improved corrosion resistance of magnesium AZ31 alloy. Corrosion Sci. 113: 104–115https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.10.010.Search in Google Scholar
Khan, F. and Karthik, G.M. (2019). Friction stir process of QE22 magnesium alloy to achieve ultrafined grained microstructure with enhanced room temperature ductility and texture weakening. Mater. Char. 147: 365–378.10.1016/j.matchar.2018.11.020Search in Google Scholar
Khan, F. and Panigrahi, S.K. (2015). Age hardening, fracture behaviour and mechanical properties of QE22 Mg alloy. J. Magnesium Alloys 3: 210–217.10.1016/j.jma.2015.08.002Search in Google Scholar
Khan, F. and Panigrahi, S.K. (2016). Achieving excellent thermal stability and very high activation energy in an ultrafine-grained Magnesium silver rare earth alloy prepared by friction stir processing. Mater. Sci. Eng. 33: 338–344.10.1016/j.msea.2016.08.077Search in Google Scholar
Kim, H.S. and Kim, W.J. (2013). Enhanced corrosion resistance of ultrafined grained AZ61 alloy containing very fine particles of Mg17 Al12 phase. Corrosion Sci. 75: 228–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.05.032.Search in Google Scholar
Klein, M., Frieling, G., and Walther, F. (2017). Corrosion fatigue assistance of creep-resistant magnesium alloy Die Mg 422 and AE42. Eng. Fract. Mech. 185: 33–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.02.024.Search in Google Scholar
Krauskape, K.B. and Bird, D.K. (1995). Introduction to geochemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, F., Ji, Y., Sun, Z., Liu, J., Bai, Y., and Shen, Z. (2020). Enhancing corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy by friction stir processing with the same speed ratio. J. Alloys Compd. 829: 154452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154452.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, Q., Chen, G.Q., Zeng, S.B., Zhang, S., Long, F., and Shi, Q.Y. (2021). The corrosion behaviour of Mg-9Al-xRE magnesium alloys modified by friction stir processing. J. Alloys Compd. 851: 156835, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156835.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, Q., Ma, Q.X., and Chen, G.Q. (2018). Enhanced corrosion resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy through refinement and homogenization of surface microstructure by friction stir processing. Corrosion Sci. 138: 284–296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.04.028.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Zhu, Y., Liu, X., Yeung, K.W., and Wu, S. (2017). Construction of poly(vinylalcohol)/poly(lactide-glycolide acid)/vancomy in nanoparticles on titanium for enhancing the surface self-antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 151: 165–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.12.016.Search in Google Scholar
Mehrian, S.S.M., Rahsepar, M., Khodabakhshi, F., and Gerlich, A.P. (2021). Effects of friction stir processing on the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion behaviours of an aluminium-magnesium alloy. Surf. Coating. Technol. 405: 126647, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126647.Search in Google Scholar
Mohamed, A., Breitinger, H.G., and El-Aziz, A.M. (2020). Effect of pH on the degradation kinetics of a Mg–0.8 Ca alloy for orthopaedic implants. Corrosion Rev. 38: 489–495, https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2020-0008.Search in Google Scholar
Morlidge, J.R., Skeldon, P., Thompson, G.E., Habazaki, H., Shimizu, K., and Wood, G.C. (1999). Gel formation and the efficiency of anodic film growth on aluminium. Electrochim. Acta 44: 2423–2435, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(98)00363-6.Search in Google Scholar
Panigrahi, S.K., Yuan, W., Mishra, R.S., Delorme, R., Davis, B., Howell, R.A., and Cho, K. (2012). Transition of deformation behaviour in an ultrafine grained magnesium alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. 549: 123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.04.017.Search in Google Scholar
Peral, L.B., Zafra, A., Bagherifard, S., Guagliano, M., and Pariente, I.F. (2020). Effect of warm shot peening treatments on surface properties and corrosion behaviour of AZ31 magnesium alloy. Surf. Coating. Technol. 401: 126285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126285.Search in Google Scholar
Pu, Z., Yang, S., Song, G.L., and Dillan, O.W. (2011). Ultrafine grain surface layer of Mg-Al-Zn alloy produced by cryogenic burnishing for enhanced corrosion resistance. Scripta Mater. 65: 520–523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.06.013.Search in Google Scholar
Ralston, K.D. and Birbilis, N. (2010). Effect of grain size on corrosion: a Review. Corrosion 66: 5–13, https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3462912.Search in Google Scholar
Sahoo, B.N. and Panigrahi, S.K. (2018). A study on the combined effect of in-situ (TiC-TiB) reinforcement and aging treatment on the yield asymmetry of magnesium matrix composite. J. Alloys Compd. 773: 575–589, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.027.Search in Google Scholar
Seifiyan, H., Sohi, M.H., Ansari, M., Ahmadkhaniha, D., and Saremi, M. (2019). Influence of friction stir processing conditions on corrosion behavior of AZ31B magnesium alloy. J. Magnesium Alloys 7: 605–616, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2019.11.004.Search in Google Scholar
Seong, J.W. and Kim, W.J. (2015). Development of biodegradable Mg-Ca alloy sheet with enhanced strength and corrosion properties through the refinement and uniform dispersion of Mg2Ca phase by HRDR. Acta Biomater. 11: 531–542, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.029.Search in Google Scholar
Shi, Z., Liu, M., and Atrens, A. (2010). Measurement of the corrosion rate of magnesium alloys using Tafel extrapolation. Corrosion Sci. 52: 579–588, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.10.016.Search in Google Scholar
Song, G.L. and Atrens, A. (1999). Corrosion mechanism of magnesium alloys. Adv. Eng. Mater. 1: 11–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1527-2648(199909)1:1<11::aid-adem11>3.0.co;2-n.10.1002/(SICI)1527-2648(199909)1:1<11::AID-ADEM11>3.0.CO;2-NSearch in Google Scholar
Song, D., Ma, A.B., Jiang, J.H., Lin, P.H., Yang, D.H., and Fan, J.F. (2010). Corrosion behaviour of equal-channel-angular-pressed pure magnesium in NaCl aqueous solution. Corrosion Sci. 52: 481–490, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.10.004.Search in Google Scholar
Song, G.L. and Xu, Z. (2012). Effect of microstructure evolution on corrosion of different crystal surfaces of AZ31 Mg alloy in a chloride containing solution. Corrosion Sci. 54: 97–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.09.005.Search in Google Scholar
Song, G.L., Bowles, A.L., and Stjohn, H. (2004). Corrosion resistance of aged die cast magnesium alloy AZ91D. Mater. Sci. Eng. 366: 74–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.08.060.Search in Google Scholar
Stanford, N. (2010). Micro-alloying Mg with Y, Ce, Gd and La for texture modification - a comparative study. Mater. Sci. Eng. 527: 2669–2677, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.12.036.Search in Google Scholar
Taheri, M., Phillips, R.C., Kish, J.R., and Botton, G.A. (2012). Analysis of the surface film formed on Mg by exposure to water using a FIB cross-section and STEM–. Corrosion Sci. 59: 222–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.03.001.Search in Google Scholar
Tekumalla, S., Seetharaman, S., Almajid, A., and Gupta, M. (2015). Mechanical properties of magnesium-rare earth alloy systems: a review. Metals 1: 1–39.10.3390/met5010001Search in Google Scholar
Tie, D., Feyerabend, F., Hort, N., and Hoeche, D. (2014). In vitro mechanical and corrosion properties of biodegradable Mg-Ag alloys. Mater. Corros. 65: 569–576, https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201206903.Search in Google Scholar
Vaughan, M.W., Karayan, A.I., Srivastava, A., Mansoor, B., Seitz, J.M., Eifler, R., Karaman, I., Castaneda, H., and Maier, H.J. (2020). The effects of severe plastic deformation on the mechanical and corrosion characteristics of a bioresorbable Mg-ZKQX6000 alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 115: 111130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111130.Search in Google Scholar
Vinogradov, A., Mimaki, T., Hashimoto, S., and Valiev, R. (2008). Corrosion of ultrafine grained copper fabricated by ECAP. Corrosion Sci. 50: 1215–1220.10.1016/j.corsci.2008.01.024Search in Google Scholar
Witte, F. (2010). The history of biodegradable magnesium implants: a review. Acta Biomater. 6: 1680–1692, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.028.Search in Google Scholar
Yuan, W., Panigrahi, S.K., Su, J.Q., and Mishra, R.S. (2011). Influence of grain size and texture on Hall–Petch relationship for a magnesium alloy. Scripta Mater. 650: 994–997, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.08.028.Search in Google Scholar
Zeng, R., Zhang, J., Huang, W., Dietzel, W., Kainer, K.U., Blawert, C., and Ke, W. (2006). Review of studies on corrosion of magnesium alloys. Trans. Nonferrous Metals Soc. China 16: 763–771, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(06)60297-5.Search in Google Scholar
Zhao, J., Xie, X., and Zhang, C. (2017). Effect of the graphene oxide additive on the corrosion resistance of the plasma electrolytic oxidation coating of the AZ31 magnesium alloy. Corrosion Sci. 114: 146–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.11.007.Search in Google Scholar
Zhimin, Z., Hong-yan, X.U., and Baocheng, L.I. (2010). Corrosion property of plastically deformed AZ80 magnesium alloy. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 20: 697.10.1016/S1003-6326(10)60565-1Search in Google Scholar
Zhu, Y., Song, G.L., Wu, P.P., Zheng, D.J., and Wang, Z.M. (2021). A burnished and Al-alloyed magnesium surface with improved mechanical and corrosion properties. Corrosion Sci. 184: 109395, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109395.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
