New Discourses on Energy Transition as an Opportunity for Reconciliation? Analyzing Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Communications in Media and Policy Documents

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2021.12.2.8641

Keywords:

reconciliation, energy transition, discourse analysis, Indigenous people, Canada, policy, media

Abstract

This article examines energy issues articulated by Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in Canada and analyzes the energy transition as a locus of reconciliation therein. Using content and discourse analysis of policy documents, white papers, and news media articles, we draw attention to reconciliation and energy discourses before and after 2015, the year that marked the release of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) report and the Paris Agreement on climate change. We find a three-fold expansion of those discourses, which encompass issues of inclusion and exclusion, dependency, and autonomy, as well as colonial representations of Indigenous people, after 2015. We also find that non-Indigenous voices are more prominent in those conversations. We suggest that the prospects of mutual benefits could turn the energy transition into an opportunity to bring together Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in Canada. 

References

Adelson, N. (2005). The embodiment of inequity health disparities in Aboriginal Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96, 545–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03403702

Alfred, T. (2011). Restitution is the real pathway for justice of Indigenous Peoples. In G. Younging, J. Dewar, & M. DeGagné (Eds.), Response, responsibility, and renewal: Canada’s truth and reconciliation journey (pp. 163-170). Aboriginal Healing Foundation.

Alfred, T. (2015). Cultural strength: Restoring the place of Indigenous Knowledge in practice and policy. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 1, 3-11.

Allaire, B. (2019). Jacques Cartier. The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jacques-cartier

Asch, M., Borrows, J., & Tully, J. (2018). Resurgence and reconciliation: Indigenous–settler relations and earth teachings. University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487519926

Assembly of First Nations (AFN). (2015a, April 29). First Nations, fiscal equity & resource sovereignties: The path to closing the development gap [Keynote address]. Canada 2020, Ottawa, Canada. http://www.afn.ca/uploads/files/final_3_nc_spkg_notes_canada_2020_public.pdf

Assembly of First Nations (AFN). (2015b, July 15). Assembly of First Nations National Chief urges premiers for action in partnership, presses federal government to come to the table [Press release]. https://www.afn.ca/7-15-15-assembly-of-first-nations-national-chief-urges-premiers-for-ac/

Assembly of First Nations (AFN). (2019, September 9). Honoring promises: 2019 federal election priorities for First Nations [Press release]. https://www.afn.ca/the-afn-launches-honouring-promises-2019-election-priorities-for-first-nations-and-canada/

Baril, H., & Journet, P. (2013, May 10). Appels d’offres en éolien: Les grands consommateurs ne veulent pas payer [Wind energy tenders: Large consumers do not want to pay]. La Presse. https://www.lapresse.ca/affaires/economie/energie-et-ressources/201305/10/01-4649638-appels-doffres-en-eolien-les-grands-consommateurs-ne-veulent-pas-payer.php

Campbell, D. (2011). More than wind: Evaluating renewable energy opportunities for First Nations in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/aprci/206/

Canning, P. C. (2018). I could turn you to stone: Indigenous blockades in an age of climate change. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2018.9.3.7

Carney, R. (1995). Aboriginal residential schools before Confederation: The early experience. Historical Studies, 61(1), 13-40.

Chambers, N. A. (2011). Reconciliation: A “dangerous opportunity” to unsettle ourselves. In

G. Younging, J. Dewar, & M. DeGagné (Eds.), Response, responsibility, and renewal: Canada’s truth and reconciliation journey (pp. 259-275). Aboriginal Healing Foundation.

Cherp, A., & Jewell, J. (2011). The three perspectives on energy security: Intellectual history, disciplinary roots and the potential for integration. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3, 202-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.07.001

Cleland, M., & Gattinger, M. (2017). System under stress: Energy decision-making in Canada. https://www.uottawa.ca/positive-energy/sites/www.uottawa.ca.positive-energy/files/system-under-stress.pdf

Cook, D., Fitzgerald, E., Sayers, J., & Shaw, K. (2017). First Nations and renewable energy development in British Columbia. https://www.uvic.ca/research/assets/docs/rpkm/shaw-karena-first_nations_renewable_energy_bc.pdf

Coulthard, G. S. (2010). Subjects of empire? Indigenous Peoples and the “politics of recognition” in Canada. University of Victoria.

Curry, B., & Mittelstaedt, M. (2008, December 12). Ottawa’s stand at climate talks hurting Native Rights, Chiefs say. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/ottawas-stand-at-climate-talks-hurting-native-rights-chiefs-say/article20391039/

Dalhousie University. (n.d.). Indigenous studies. https://dal.ca.libguides.com/c.php?g=576634&p=4205601

Davine, T., Lawhon, M., & Pierce, J. (2017). Place-making at a national scale: Framing tar sands extraction as “Canadian” in the Globe and Mail. The Canadian Geographer / Le géographe canadien, 61(3), 428-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12392

Dreveskracht, R. D. (2011). Native Nation economic development via the implementation of solar projects: How to make it work. Washington and Lee Law Review, 68(1), 28-112.

Dyck, N., & Sadik, T. (2016, April 15). Indigenous political organization and activism in Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia.

Feltham-King, T., & Macleod, C. (2016). How content analysis may complement and extend the insights of discourse analysis: An example of research on constructions of abortion in South African newspapers 1978-2005. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406915624575

Ferrara, N. (2015). Reconciling and rehumanizing Indigenous–settler relations: An applied anthropological perspective. Lexington Books.

Finegan, C. (2018). Reflection, acknowledgement, and justice: A framework for Indigenous-protected area reconciliation. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2018.9.3.3

Fullerton, R. S., & Patterson, M. J. (2008). ‘Killing’ the true story of First Nations: The ethics of constructing a culture apart. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 23, 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900520802222019

Garrick, R. (2017, November 22). ‘We are an industry’: Wesley-Esquimaux says at Indigenous Knowledge conference. Anishinabek News. http://anishinabeknews.ca/2017/11/22/we-are-an-industry-wesley-esquimaux-says-at-indigenous-knowledge-conference/

Generation Energy Council. (2018). Canada’s Energy Transition: Getting to our energy future, together. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/CoucilReport_july4_EN_Web.pdf

Gibbins, R. (2017). Power to excel building a policy linchpin for the future of Canada’s energy system. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/energyresources/Power_to_Excel.pdf

Government of Canada. (2016). Pan-Canadian framework on clean growth and climate change. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/eccc/En4-294-2016-eng.pdf

Government of Canada. (2017). Pan-Canadian framework on clean growth and climate change, first annual synthesis report on the status of implementation. https://www.canada.ca/content/

dam/themes/environment/weather/climatechange/PCF-FirstSynthesis_ENG.pdf

Government of Ontario. (2013). Achieving balance: Ontario’s long-term energy plan. https://files.ontario.ca/books/ltep_2013_english_web.pdf

Government of Ontario. (2016). Ontario’s five year climate change action plan 2016-2020. https://www.publications.gov.on.ca/ontarios-five-year-climate-change-action-plan-2016-2020

Government of Ontario. (2017). Ontario’s long-term energy plan 2017: Delivering fairness and choice. https://files.ontario.ca/books/ltep2017_0.pdf

Green, J. (2003). Decolonization and recolonization in Canada. In W. Clement & L. F. Vosko (Eds.), Changing Canada: Political economy as transformation (pp. 51-78). McGill-Queen’s Press-MQUP.

Green, J. (2016). Red skin, white masks: Rejecting the colonial politics of recognition by Glen Coulthard (review). Great Plains Quarterly, 36(4), 327–328. https://doi.org/10.1353/gpq.2016.0052

Green Energy and Green Economy Act, 2009, S.O. 2009, c. 12 - Bill 150. https://www.ontario.ca/

laws/statute/s09012

Green Party of Canada. (2019, October 5). Greens promise to end colonial oppression and phase out the Indian Act [Press release]. https://www.greenparty.ca/en/media-release/2019-10-05/greens-promise-end-colonial-oppression-and-phase-out-indian-act

Hajer, M., & Versteeg, W. (2005). A decade of discourse analysis of environmental politics: Achievements, challenges, perspectives. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 7(3), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/15239080500339646

Hallenbeck, J. (2015). Returning to the water to enact a treaty relationship: The Two Row Wampum Renewal Campaign. Settler Colonial Studies, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2014.1000909

Harding, R. (2006). Historical representations of Aboriginal people in the Canadian news media. Discourse & Society, 17(2), 205-235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506058059

Hunter, D. (2019). John Cabot. The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-cabot

Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. (2015, April 22). The climate change bind for Inuit: The double burden of impacts & campaigns. https://www.itk.ca/the-climate-change-bind-for-inuit-the-double-burden-of-impacts-campaigns/

Jaffar, A. (2015). Establishing a clean economy or strengthening Indigenous sovereignty: Conflicting & complementary narratives for energy transitions [Master’s thesis, University of Guelph]. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/9230/Jaffar_Atiya_201509_MA.pdfsequence=1&isAllowed=y

Karanasios, K. (2018). Community choices: Pathways to integrate renewable energy into Indigenous remote community energy systems. University of Waterloo.

Karanasios, K., & Parker, P. (2018). Technical solution or wicked problem? Diverse perspectives on Indigenous community renewable electricity in Northern Ontario. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 12(3), 322-345. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-11-2017-0085

Kekinusuqs. (2005). A nation’s economic catalyst: How small First Nations can use CED to rebuild their economic independence. Making Waves, 16(4), 5-10. https://communityrenewal.ca/sites/all/files/resource/MW160405.pdf

King, H., & Pasternak, S. (2018). Canada’s emerging Indigenous Rights framework: A Critical analysis. Yellowhead Institute.

Krackle, J. (2015, December 3). Dokis Okikendawt Project brings green energy to Ontario consumers. Anishinabek News. http://anishinabeknews.ca/2015/12/03/dokis-okikendawt-project-brings-green-energy-to-ontario-consumers/

Krupa, J. (2012). Blazing a new path forward: A case study on the renewable energy initiatives of the Pic River First Nation. Environmental Development, 3, 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2012.05.003

Krupa, J., Galbraith, L., & Burch, S. (2015). Participatory and multi-level governance: Applications to Aboriginal renewable energy projects. Local Environment, 20(1), 81-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2013.818956

Lowan-Trudeau, G. (2017). Indigenous environmental education: The case of renewable energy projects. Educational Studies, 53(6), 601-613. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2017.1369084

Manuel, A., & Derrickson, G. C. R. (2017). The reconciliation manifesto: Recovering the land, rebuilding the economy. James Lorimer & Company.

Marshall, T. (2019). Oka Crisis. The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/oka-crisis

Mccreary, T. A., Milligan, R. A., & Milligan, R. (2014). Pipelines, permits, and protests: Carrier Sekani encounters with the Enbridge Northern Gateway Project. Cultural Geographies, 21(1), 115-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474013482807

McFarlane, P., & Schabus, N. (Eds.). (2017). Whose land is it anyway? A manual for decolonization. Federation of Post-Secondary Educators of BC. https://fpse.ca/sites/default/files/news_files/Decolonization%20Handbook.pdf

Meadowcroft, J. (2009). What about the politics? Sustainable development, transition management, and long term energy transitions. Policy Sciences, 42, 323-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-009-9097-z

Nagy, R. (2014). The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Genesis and design. Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue canadienne droit et société, 29(2), 199-217. https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2014.8

National Inquiry into Murdered and Missing Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG). (2019a). A legal analysis of genocide: Supplementary report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Supplementary-Report_Genocide.pdf

National Inquiry into Murdered and Missing Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG). (2019b). Reclaiming power and place: The final report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/final-report/

Natural Resources Canada. (2018). Generation Energy. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/climate-change/canadas-green-future/generation-energy/20093

Natural Resources Canada. (n.d.). Generation Energy ideas and submissions. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/climate-change/canadas-green-future/generation-energy/generation-energy-ideas-and-submissions/20243

Ozog, S. (2012). Towards First Nations energy self-sufficiency: Analyzing the renewable energy partnership between T’Sou-Ke Nation and Skidegate Band. University of Victoria.

Quinn, J. R. (2011). Introductory essay: Canada’ s own brand of truth and reconciliation? The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2011.2.3.1

Rodman, L. S. (2013). Spinning wind into power: Industry and energy in Gitxaała Nation, British Columbia [Master’s thesis, University of British Columbia]. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44518

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP). (1996). Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (Vol. 1: Looking forward, looking back). https://data2.archives.ca/e/e448/e011188230-01.pdf

Rymhs, D. (2006). Appropriating guilt: Reconciliation in an Aboriginal Canadian context. ESC: English Studies in Canada, 32(1), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1353/esc.2007.0068

Sovacool, B. K. (2014). What are we doing here? Analyzing fifteen years of energy scholarship and proposing a social science research agenda. Energy Research & Social Science, 1, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.02.003

Stanton, K. (2011). Canada’ s Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Settling the past? The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2011.2.3.2

Stanton, K. (2017). Reconciling reconciliation: Differing conceptions of the Supreme Court of Canada and the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Journal of Law and Social Policy, 26, 21-42.

Statistics Canada. (2017, October 25). Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census. The Daily. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171025/dq171025a-eng.htm

Stefanelli, R. D., Walker, C., Kornelsen, D., Lewis, D., Martin, D. H., Masuda, J., Richmond, C. A. M., Root, E., Tait Neufeld, H., & Castleden, H. (2019). Renewable energy and energy autonomy: How Indigenous Peoples in Canada are shaping an energy future. Environmental Reviews, 27(1), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0024

Tobias, J. K., & Richmond, C. A. M. (2014). “That land means everything to us as Anishinaabe….”: Environmental dispossession and resilience on the North Shore of Lake Superior. Health & Place, 29, 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.05.008

Tonkiss, F. (2004). Analysing text and speech: Content and discourse analysis. Researching Society and Culture, 2, 367-382.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. http://www.trc.ca/assets/pdf/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf

University of British Columbia. (n.d.). First Nations and Indigenous studies. https://guides.library.ubc.ca/c.phpg=307187&p=2050818

University of Ottawa. (2015). Canadians’ views on Canada’s energy future. https://www.uottawa.ca/

positive-energy/sites/www.uottawa.ca.positive-energy/files/positive_energy_big_ideas_survey_research_2015-11-06.pdf

Veracini, L. (2011). Introducing settler colonial studies. Settler Colonial Studies, 1(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2011.10648799

White, J. P., Murphy, L., & Spence, N. (2012). Water and Indigenous Peoples: Canada’s paradox. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2012.3.3.3

Wilmer, F. (1993). The Indigenous Voice in world politics: Since time immemorial. Sage Publications.

Downloads

Published

2021-04-30

Issue

Section

Research